Long-term Paleolithic diet is associated with lower resistant starch intake, different gut microbiota composition and increased serum TMAO concentrations

• DOI: 10.1007/s00394-019-02036-y
• Publication Date: 2019-07-05T02:02:37Z
• Authors: Angela Genoni; Claus T. Christop...; Johnny Lo; Megan Coghlan; Mary C. Boyce; Anthony R. Bird; Philippa Lyons-Wall; Amanda Devine
• Keywords: 0301 basic medicine; 610; TMAO; Sports Sciences; 333; Methylamines; 03 medical and health sciences; Paleolithic diet; Tandem Mass Spectrometry; RNA, Ribosomal, 16S; Medicine and Health Sciences; Humans; 2. Zero hunger; Resistant starch; Australia; Resistant Starch; Original Contribution; Whole grains; Gastrointestinal Microbiome; 3. Good health; Cross-Sectional Studies; Diet, Paleolithic; Gut health; Chromatography, Liquid; New Zealand

Abstract Background The Paleolithic diet is promoted worldwide for improved gut health. However, there little evidence available to support these claims, with existing literature examining anthropometric and cardiometabolic outcomes. Objective To determine the association between dietary intake, markers of colonic health, microbiota, serum trimethylamine- N -oxide (TMAO), a gut-derived metabolite associated cardiovascular disease. Design In cross-sectional design, long-term ( n = 44, > 1 year) self-reported followers (PD) controls 47) consuming typical national recommendations were recruited. Diets assessed via 3-day weighed records; 48-h stool short chain fatty acids using GC/MS, microbial composition 16S rRNA sequencing V4 region Illumina MiSeq. TMAO was quantified LC–MS/MS. Results Participants grouped according PD adherence; namely excluding grains dairy products. Strict (SP) 22) Pseudo-Paleolithic (PP) groups formed. General linear modelling age, gender, energy intake body fat percentage as covariates differences groups. Intake resistant starch lower in both groups, compared [2.62, 1.26 vs 4.48 g/day P < 0.05)]; PERMANOVA analysis showed microbiota 0.05), higher abundance TMA-producer Hungatella 0.001). SP PP control 0.01), inversely whole grain r − 0.34, 0.01). Conclusions Although results indicate adherence different increased TMAO. A variety fiber components, including sources may be required maintain Clinical trial registrations Australian New Zealand Trial Registry (ANZCTRN12616001703493).