A glassy carbon electrode modified with reduced graphene oxide for sensitive determination of bumetanide in urine at levels required for doping analysis

• DOI: 10.1007/s00604-017-2443-5
• Publication Date: 2017-08-14T10:07:57Z
• Authors: Felipe Fantinato ...; Maria Valnice Bol...
• Keywords: Horizontal scan rate; Stripping (fiber); Anodic Stripping Voltammetry; Electrochemical gas sensor

The dopant bumetanide (BMT) was banned by the World Anti-Doping Agency. The authors describe a voltammetric sensor for the determination of BMT in urine that is based on the use of a glassy carbon electrode modified with reduced graphene oxide (GCE/rGO). The GCE/rGO was prepared by electrodeposition from a solution of GO. The oxidation of BMT occurs best at +0.75 V in the GCE/rGO with an approximately 13-fold gain in the anode current compared to a conventional GCE. The oxidation mechanism was investigated by means of electrolysis, while the analysis of the products was carried out via the LC–MS/MS. Under optimized conditions (scan rate 100 mV s−1; pH 4.0; accumulation time 25 s) and by using linear sweep adsorptive stripping voltammetry, the response covers the 0.26 to 50 μmol L−1 BMT concentration range. The detection limit is 75 nmol L−1. The sensor was successfully applied and validated by LC–MS/MS analysis of spiked urine sample.