The Ionosphere of Mars After 20 Years of Mars Express Contributions

• DOI: 10.1007/s11214-024-01078-x
• Publication Date: 2024-05-28T20:36:11Z
• Authors: Kerstin Peter; Beatriz Sánchez-Cano; František Němec; Francisco Gonzále...; Andrew J. Kopf; Mark Lester; Martin Pätzold; Catherine E. Regan; Mats Holmström
• Keywords: Planetary science; Atmosphere of Mars

Abstract The Martian ionosphere originates from the ionization of planetary neutral atmosphere by solar radiation. This conductive layer is embedded within thermosphere and exosphere Mars where it forms a highly variable interaction region with wind. has been continuously observed three plasma instruments MaRS, MARSIS ASPERA-3 on Express for last 20 years ( >10 years). Those long-term observations laid solid foundation what we know today about ionosphere, provided numerous opportunities collaboration coordinated other missions. review describes most significant achievements such as dynamics structures both day nightside, its variability couplings lower atmosphere, well improvement atmospheric modelling. also better characterization role several external internal drivers in controlling crustal magnetic fields, activity, seasons, dust lifting surface, even direct coma an Oort-cloud comet (C/2013 A1, Siding Spring).