RETRACTED ARTICLE: Investigating the nexus among environmental pollution, economic growth, energy use, and foreign direct investment in 6 selected sub-Saharan African countries

• DOI: 10.1007/s11356-019-04455-0
• Publication Date: 2019-02-22T04:51:37Z
• Authors: Max William Ssali; Jianguo Du; Isaac Adjei Mensah; Duncan O. Hongo
• Keywords: Environmental Pollution

This research seeks to enhance the current literature by exploring nexus among environmental contamination, economic growth, energy use, and foreign direct investment in 6 selected sub-Saharan African nations for a time of 34 years (1980-2014). By applying panel unit root (CADF CIPS, cross-sectional independence test), cointegration (Pedroni Kao test, PP, ADF), Hausman poolability an auto-regressive distributed lag procedure view pooled mean group estimation (ARDL/PMG), experimental findings disclose that alluding related probability values, null hypothesis all variables is rejected because they are not stationary at levels but rather their first difference. The altogether integrated same order I(1). Findings revealed there confirmation bidirectional causality between use CO