Analysis of the relationship among land surface temperature (LST), land use land cover (LULC), and normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) with topographic elements in the lower Himalayan region

• DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e13322
• Publication Date: 2023-02-03T18:14:55Z
• Authors: Waheed Ullah; Khalid Ahmad; Siddique Ullah; Adnan Ahmad Tahir; Muhammad Faisal J...; Abdul Nazir; Arshad Mehmood Ab...; Mubashir Aziz; Abdullah Mohamed
• Keywords: Elevation (ballistics); Land Cover

Land Surface Temperature (LST) affects exchange of energy between earth surface and atmosphere which is important for studying environmental changes. However, research on the relationship LST, Use Cover (LULC), Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) with topographic elements in lower Himalayan region has not been done. Therefore, present study explored LST NDVI, LULC types Pakistan. The area was divided into North-South, West-East, North-West to South-East North-East directions using ArcMap 3D analysis. current used Landsat 8 (OLI/TIRS) data from May 2021 analysis area. obtained thermal band (TIRS), while areas classified Maximum Likelihood Classification (MLC) method utilizing (OLI) data. TIRS collects two narrow spectral bands (B10 B11) wavelength 10.6 μm-12.51 μm formerly covered by one wide (B6) 4-7. With 12-bit products, available radiometric, geometric, terrain-corrected file format. effect elevation assessed USGS website. across sunny shady slopes analyzed assess influence slope directions. NDVI examined correlation results indicated that decreased North-South South-East, increasing South-West coefficient negative, an R-value -0.51. findings showed increases increase elevation. Zonal different built-up bare soil had highest mean 35.76 °C 28.08 °C, respectively, followed agriculture, vegetation, water bodies. difference 1.02 °C. negative all except body. This can be ensure sustainable urban development minimize heat island effects providing effective guidelines planners, policymakers, respective authorities Lower region. remote sensing model fluxes processes