Gait asymmetrical evaluation of lower limb amputees using wearable inertial sensors

• DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e32207
• Publication Date: 2024-05-31T06:14:11Z
• Authors: Hafiz Farhan Maqbool; Imran Mahmood; Ahmad Ali; Nadeem Iqbal; Jin-Taek Seong; Abbas Ali Dehghan...; Sundas Naji Alaziz; Mohammed Ibrahim ...
• Keywords: Social sciences (General); H1-99; Symmetry index; Q1-390; 03 medical and health sciences; Science (General); Lower limb amputees; Gait phases; Gait asymmetry; Inertial sensors; 0305 other medical science; Research Article

This study presents an analysis and evaluation of gait asymmetry (GA) based on the temporal gait parameters identified using a portable gait event detection system, placed on the lateral side of the shank of both lower extremities of the participants. Assessment of GA was carried out with seven control subjects (CS), one transfemoral amputee (TFA) and one transtibial amputee (TTA) while walking at different speeds on overground (OG) and treadmill (TM). Gait cycle duration (GCD), stance phase duration (SPD), swing phase duration (SwPD), and the sub-phases of the gait cycle (GC) such as Loading-Response (LR), Foot-Flat (FF), and Push-Off (PO), Swing-1 (SW-1) and Swing-2 (SW-2) were evaluated. The results revealed that GCD showed less asymmetry as compared to other temporal parameters in both groups. A significant difference (p < 0.05) was observed between the groups for SPD and SwPD with lower limb amputees (LLA) having a longer stance and shorter swing phase for their intact side compared to their amputated side, resulting, large GA for TFA compared to CS and TTA. The findings could potentially contribute towards a better understanding of gait characteristics in LLA and provide a guide in the design and control of lower limb prosthetics/orthotics.