Glucose-to-Resistor Transduction Integrated into a Radio-Frequency Antenna for Chip-less and Battery-less Wireless Sensing

• DOI: 10.1021/acssensors.2c00394
• Publication Date: 2022-04-08T01:48:34Z
• Authors: Atefeh Shafaat; Rokas Žalnėravičius; Dalius Ratautas; Marius Dagys; Rolandas Meškys; Rasa Rutkienė; Juan Francisco Go...; Jessica Neilands; Sebastian Björklund; Javier Sotres; Tautgirdas Ruzgas
• Keywords: glucose dehydrogenase; Silver; Bioelectric Energy Sources; Internet of Things; Metal Nanoparticles; 600; 02 engineering and technology; wireless detection of glucose; Analytical Chemistry; Glucose; chip-less wireless sensing; Analytisk kemi; direct electron transfer; Gold; 0210 nano-technology

To maximize the potential of 5G infrastructure in healthcare, simple integration of biosensors with wireless tag antennas would be beneficial. This work introduces novel glucose-to-resistor transduction, which enables simple, wireless biosensor design. The biosensor was realized on a near-field communication tag antenna, where a sensing bioanode generated electrical current and electroreduced a nonconducting antenna material into an excellent conductor. For this, a part of the antenna was replaced by a Ag nanoparticle layer oxidized to high-resistance AgCl. The bioanode was based on Au nanoparticle-wired glucose dehydrogenase (GDH). The exposure of the cathode-bioanode to glucose solution resulted in GDH-catalyzed oxidation of glucose at the bioanode with a concomitant reduction of AgCl to highly conducting Ag on the cathode. The AgCl-to-Ag conversion strongly affected the impedance of the antenna circuit, allowing wireless detection of glucose. Mimicking the final application, the proposed wireless biosensor was ultimately evaluated through the measurement of glucose in whole blood, showing good agreement with the values obtained with a commercially available glucometer. This work, for the first time, demonstrates that making a part of the antenna from the AgCl layer allows achieving simple, chip-less, and battery-less wireless sensing of enzyme-catalyzed reduction reaction.