Smoking and High‐Altitude Exposure Affect Intrinsic Neural Activity: A fMRI Study of Interactive Effects

• DOI: 10.1111/adb.70042
• Publication Date: 2025-04-24T13:04:57Z
• Authors: Qingqing Lv; Minghe Wang; Chunxiao Bu; Junjie Liao; Kefan Wang; Hui Xu; Xijuan Liang; Ning Zheng; Liangjie Lin; Longyao Ma; Weijian Wang; Zhen Ma; Meiying Cheng; Xin Zhao; Lin Lu; Yong Zhang
• Keywords: Precentral gyrus; Superior frontal gyrus; Middle frontal gyrus; Superior temporal gyrus; Inferior frontal gyrus

ABSTRACT Smoking and high‐altitude (HA) exposure both adversely affect human health, with smoking linked to various cancers environments causing physiological neurological changes. Although the effects of HA on brain structure function have been studied separately, their combined impact is still rarely explored. This study aims investigate interactive intrinsic activity using resting‐state functional magnetic resonance imaging (rs‐fMRI) analysed by amplitude low‐frequency fluctuations (ALFF) method. We used a mixed sample design, including four groups: (i) smokers ( n = 22); (ii) nonsmokers (iii) sea‐level (SL) 26); (iv) SL 26), for total 96 male participants. All subjects underwent imaging. ALFF was assess differences in among groups. Two‐way analysis variance (ANOVA) conducted analyse smoking, interaction ALFF. As main effect elevated found right superior frontal gyrus, middle inferior cingulate cortex precentral gyrus. exposure, putamen, insula, temporal gyrus fusiform. A significant between observed Post hoc showed significantly increased groups versus smokers; nonsmokers; nonsmokers. Our findings demonstrate that independently influence spontaneous activity, two factors modulating function. These results offer neuroimaging‐based perspective substance addiction populations contribute deeper understanding adaptation.