Circulating vaccine derived polio virus type 2 outbreak and response in Yemen, 2021–2022, a retrospective descriptive analysis

• DOI: 10.1186/s12879-024-09215-1
• Publication Date: 2024-03-15T21:25:24Z
• Authors: Mutahar Ahmed Al-...; Mohammed Al Amad; Ahmed Al-Dar; Ehab Al Sakaf; Ahmed Al Hadad; Yahia Ahmed Raja’a
• Keywords: Yemen; Veterinary medicine; Infectious and parasitic diseases; RC109-216; FOS: Health sciences; Coronavirus Disease 2019 Research; Disease Outbreaks; 03 medical and health sciences; 0302 clinical medicine; Virology; Health Sciences; Humans; Aetiology, Diagnosis, and Management of Myocarditis; Retrospective Studies; Vaccines; Research; Vaccination; Gastrointestinal Viral Infections and Vaccines Development; Outbreak; Medical microbiology; Circulating Vaccine Derived Polio Virus Type 2; 2022; Poliovirus; Infectious Diseases; Poliovirus Vaccine, Oral; Medicine; alpha-Fetoproteins; Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine; Poliomyelitis

Abstract Background The outbreaks of circulating Vaccine Derived Polio Viruses (cVDPVs) have emerged as a major challenge for the final stage of polio eradication. In Yemen, an explosive outbreak of cVDPV2 was reported from August 2021 to December 2022. This study aims to compare the patterns of cVDPV2 outbreak, response measures taken by health authorities, and impacts in southern and northern governorates.

Method A retrospective descriptive study of confirmed cases of VDPV2 was performed. The data related to cVDPV2 as well as stool specimens and environmental samples that were shipped to WHO-accredited labs were collected by staff of surveillance. Frequencies and percentages were used to characterize and compare the confirmed cases from the southern and northern governorates. The average delayed time as a difference in days between the date of sample collection and lab confirmation was calculated.

Results The cVDPV2 was isolated from 227 AFP cases reported from 19/23 Yemeni governorates and from 83% (39/47) of environmental samples with an average of 7 months delayed from sample collection. However, the non-polio AFP (NPAFP) and adequate stool specimen rates in the north were 6.7 and 87% compared to 6.4 and 87% in the south, 86% (195) and 14%(32) out of the total 227 confirmed cases were detected from northern and southern governorates, respectively. The first and second cases of genetically linked isolates experienced paralysis onset on 30 August and 1st September 2021. They respectively were from Taiz and Marib governorates ruled by southern authorities that started vaccination campaigns as a response in February 2022. Thus, in contrast to 2021, the detected cases in 2022 from the total cases detected in the south were lower accounting for 22% (7 of 32) of compared to 79% (155 of 195) of the total cases the north.

Conclusion A new emerging cVDPV2 was confirmed in Yemen. The result of this study highlighted the impact of vaccination campaigns in containing the cVDPV2 outbreak. Maintaining a high level of immunization coverage and switching to nOPV2 instead of tOPV and mOPV2 in campaigns are recommended and environmental surveillance should be expanded in such a risky country.