Alzheimer's Therapeutics Targeting Amyloid Beta 1–42 Oligomers II: Sigma-2/PGRMC1 Receptors Mediate Abeta 42 Oligomer Binding and Synaptotoxicity

• DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0111899
• Publication Date: 2014-11-12T19:01:50Z
• Authors: Nicholas J. Izzo; Jinbin Xu; Chenbo Zeng; Molly J. Kirk; Kelsie Mozzoni; Colleen Silky; Courtney Rehak; Raymond Yurko; Gary Look; Gilbert Rishton; Hank Safferstein; Carlos Cruchaga; Alison Goate; Michael A. Cahill; Ottavio Arancio; Robert H. Mach; Rolf Craven; Elizabeth Head; Harry LeVine; Tara L. Spires-Jones; Susan M. Catalano
• Keywords: 0301 basic medicine; Aging; Neurodegenerative; Alzheimer's Disease; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Mice; Cognition; Cell Signaling; Receptors; Medicine and Health Sciences; 2.1 Biological and endogenous factors; Membrane Receptor Signaling; Aetiology; RNA, Small Interfering; Progesterone; Neurons; Q; R; Brain; Biological Sciences; Alzheimer's disease; 3. Good health; Neurology; 5.1 Pharmaceuticals; Neurological; Medicine; Development of treatments and therapeutic interventions; Receptors, Progesterone; Signal Transduction; Research Article; Protein Binding; 570; Protein Structure; Imaging Techniques; General Science & Technology; Science; 610; Image Analysis; Therapeutics; Small Interfering; Medical sciences; 03 medical and health sciences; Neuropharmacology; Alzheimer Disease; Acquired Cognitive Impairment; Animals; Humans; Pharmacology; Amyloid beta-Peptides; Biomedical and Clinical Sciences; FOS: Clinical medicine; Cell Membrane; Neurosciences; Biology and Life Sciences; Alzheimer's Disease including Alzheimer's Disease Related Dementias (AD/ADRD); Membrane Proteins; Cell Biology; Peptide Fragments; Brain Disorders; Protein Structure, Tertiary; Rats; Cellular Neuroscience; Oligomers; Synapses; RNA; Autoradiography; Dementia; Biochemistry and Cell Biology; Sprague-Dawley; Cognition Disorders; Cytology; Tertiary; Neuroscience; Synaptic Plasticity

Amyloid beta (Abeta) 1–42 oligomers accumulate in brains of patients with Mild Cognitive Impairment (MCI) and disrupt synaptic plasticity processes that underlie memory formation. Synaptic binding of Abeta oligomers to several putative receptor proteins is reported to inhibit long-term potentiation, affect membrane trafficking and induce reversible spine loss in neurons, leading to impaired cognitive performance and ultimately to anterograde amnesia in the early stages of Alzheimer's disease (AD). We have identified a receptor not previously associated with AD that mediates the binding of Abeta oligomers to neurons, and describe novel therapeutic antagonists of this receptor capable of blocking Abeta toxic effects on synapses in vitro and cognitive deficits in vivo. Knockdown of sigma-2/PGRMC1 (progesterone receptor membrane component 1) protein expression in vitro using siRNA results in a highly correlated reduction in binding of exogenous Abeta oligomers to neurons of more than 90%. Expression of sigma-2/PGRMC1 is upregulated in vitro by treatment with Abeta oligomers, and is dysregulated in Alzheimer's disease patients' brain compared to age-matched, normal individuals. Specific, high affinity small molecule receptor antagonists and antibodies raised against specific regions on this receptor can displace synthetic Abeta oligomer binding to synaptic puncta in vitro and displace endogenous human AD patient oligomers from brain tissue sections in a dose-dependent manner. These receptor antagonists prevent and reverse the effects of Abeta oligomers on membrane trafficking and synapse loss in vitro and cognitive deficits in AD mouse models. These findings suggest sigma-2/PGRMC1 receptors mediate saturable oligomer binding to synaptic puncta on neurons and that brain penetrant, small molecules can displace endogenous and synthetic oligomers and improve cognitive deficits in AD models. We propose that sigma-2/PGRMC1 is a key mediator of the pathological effects of Abeta oligomers in AD and is a tractable target for small molecule disease-modifying therapeutics.