Health risk implications of iron in wastewater soil-food crops grown in the vicinity of peri urban areas of the District Sargodha

• DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0275497
• Publication Date: 2022-11-08T18:44:22Z
• Authors: Shahzad Akhtar; Muhammad Luqman; Muhammad Umer Far...; Iram Saba; Zafar Iqbal Khan; Kafeel Ahmad; Ahmed Muneeb; Muhammad Nadeem; Aima Iram Batool; Mahpara Shahzadi; Hafsa Memona; Hazoor Ahmad Shad; Ghulam Mustafa; Rana Muhammad Zubair
• Keywords: Hazard quotient; Bioconcentration; Health Risk Assessment; Tube well

Irrigation using sewage water can be beneficial, as it increase the productivity of crops but has negative consequences on crops, soil contamination, and human health. It contains a variety toxins, such chemicals heavy metals, which damage crops. In this regard, aim research was to assess potential health hazards iron (Fe) metal in food (leafy root crops) treated with wastewater (T_1), canal (T_2), tube well (T_3). Water, soil, edible components were collected at random from three distinct locations. Fe concentration samples estimated atomic absorption spectrophotometer, following wet digestion method. The concentrations, ranged 0.408 1.03 mg/l water, 31.55 187.47 mgkg-1 4.09 32.583 crop samples; within permissible limits World Health Organization (WHO). There positive correlation between soils bioconcentration factor, enrichment factor (EF), daily intake metals (DIM), risk index (HRI), target hazard quotient (THQ) all values <1, except for pollution load >1, indicated there no toxicity risk, no-carcinogenic these humans. To prevent excessive accumulation chain, regular monitoring is needed.