Estimation of calories intake, iron, zinc, and selenium among children of the underprivileged area in Sindh, Pakistan

• DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0304277
• Publication Date: 2024-06-25T18:59:37Z
• Authors: Aneel Kapoor; Fizzah Baig; Naseem Aslam Channa; Sahar Shafik Othman; Shahad Abduljalil...; Mukhtiar Baig
• Keywords: Male; Adolescent; Science; Iron; Nutritional Status; Health Professions; Organic chemistry; Nursing; FOS: Health sciences; Pediatrics; Reference Daily Intake; Selenium; Dietary Reference Intake; Health Sciences; Pathology; Humans; Micronutrient; Pakistan; Internal medicine; Biology; Cross-sectional study; Maternal and Child Nutrition in Developing Countries; Nutrition and Dietetics; Regulation of Iron Metabolism and Anemia; Q; Malnutrition; R; Hematology; Zinc; Chemistry; Cross-Sectional Studies; Environmental health; Impact of Food Insecurity on Health Outcomes; General Health Professions; Medicine; Female; Calorie; Energy Intake; Animal science; Research Article; Malnutrition Impacts; Nutrient

Introduction Malnutrition is one of the most serious community health issues in developing countries. This study estimated total energy intake, Iron (Fe), Zinc (Zn), Selenium (Se), Calcium (Ca), and Phosphate (PO4) levels among school-going children (aged 13–17 years) of the underprivileged area in Sindh, Pakistan.

Methods Children from Mithi City, District Tharparkar, were selected for this cross-sectional investigation. Students from various schools from both genders who fulfilled the selection criteria were selected. A questionnaire was filled, and five ml blood samples were taken to analyze blood parameters. Each participant’s estimated nutrient intake (ENI) per day was assessed and matched to the recommended daily allowance (RDA) to determine their micro and macronutrient intake.

Results A total of 300 school-going children [150(50%) boys (mean age 15± 0.8 years) and 150(50%) girls (mean age 14±1.3years)] were included in this study. Total calories (1449±949 Kcal vs. 1245±215 Kcal; p < .001), carbohydrates (138±27 gm vs. 126 ±25 gm; p < .001) protein (47±9.1 gm vs. 44±6 gm; p < .001) was significantly higher among boys compared to girls. In contrast, calcium (1094±105 mg vs. 1144±100; 0.004), phosphate 1050±125 vs. 1148±147; p<0.001), iron (9.2±1.7 mg vs. 10±1.3 mg; p<0.001), and Zinc (7.4±1.8 mg vs. 9.9±1.7 mg; p<0.001) intake was significantly higher among girls than boys. Gender-wise comparison of serum metals in school-going children showed that serum iron was significantly lower among girls than boys (100.86±25.65 μg/dl vs. 78.48±28.66 μg/dl; p<0.001), and no difference was found in serum Zn, Se, and Ca levels. Total proteins were also significantly lower among girls than boys (6.48±1.01g/dl vs. 4.87±1.4301g/dl; p<0.001). Serum iron, Ca, and total proteins were significantly lower among girls with normal ranges compared to boys with normal ranges. Total protein was significantly lower among girls below normal ranges than boys with normal ranges (p < .001). The correlation of carbohydrates, protein, and fat with some serum biochemical parameters in school-going children showed that serum Fe was significantly linked with proteins (r = 0.255; p < .0.05).

Conclusion Our findings showed a concurrent shortage of macro and micronutrients. The current study also revealed that total energy intake was lower than the RDA and significant Fe, Zn, and Se deficiencies. The findings highlight the importance of measures aimed at improving children’s nutritional status.