Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone Neurons Express KATPChannels That Are Regulated by Estrogen and Responsive to Glucose and Metabolic Inhibition

• DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.1657-07.2007
• Publication Date: 2007-09-19T16:31:09Z
• Authors: Chunguang Zhang; Martha A. Bosch; Jon E. Levine; Oline K. Rønnekleiv; Martin J. Kelly
• Keywords: Male; Neurons; 0301 basic medicine; Estrogens; Mice, Transgenic; Rats; Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Mice; 03 medical and health sciences; Adenosine Triphosphate; Glucose; Gene Expression Regulation; Animals; Female; Potassium Channels, Inwardly Rectifying; Energy Metabolism

Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) is released in a pulsatile manner that is dependent on circulating 17β-estradiol (E2) and glucose concentrations. However, the intrinsic conductances responsible for the episodic firing pattern underlying pulsatile release and the effects of E2 and glucose on these conductances are primarily unknown. Whole-cell recordings from mouse enhanced green fluorescent protein-GnRH neurons revealed that the KATPchannel opener diazoxide induced an outward current that was antagonized by the sulfonylurea receptor 1 (SUR1) channel blocker tolbutamide. Single-cell reverse transcription (RT)-PCR revealed that the majority of GnRH neurons expressed Kir6.2 and SUR1 subunits, which correlated with the diazoxide/tolbutamide sensitivity. Also, a subpopulation of GnRH neurons expressed glucokinase mRNA, a marker for glucose sensitivity. Indeed, GnRH neurons decreased their firing in response to low glucose concentrations and metabolic inhibition. The maximum diazoxide-induced current was approximately twofold greater in E2-treated compared with oil-treated ovariectomized females. In current clamp, estrogen enhanced the diazoxide-induced hyperpolarization to a similar degree. However, based on quantitative RT-PCR, estrogen did not increase the expression of Kir6.2 or SUR1 transcripts in GnRH neurons. In the presence of ionotropic glutamate and GABAAreceptor antagonists, tolbutamide depolarized and significantly increased the firing rate of GnRH neurons to a greater extent in E2-treated females. Finally, tolbutamide significantly increased GnRH secretion from the preoptic-mediobasal hypothalamus. Therefore, it appears that KATPchannels and glucokinase are expressed in GnRH neurons, which renders them directly responsive to glucose. In addition, KATPchannels are involved in modulating the excitability of GnRH neurons in an estrogen-sensitive manner that ultimately regulates peptide release.