Optimization of TMS target engagement: current state and future perspectives

• DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2025.1517228
• Publication Date: 2025-01-29T06:58:39Z
• Authors: Pantelis Lioumis; Timo Roine; Ida Granö; Dogu Baran Aydogan; Elena Ukharova; Victor H. Souza; Dubravko Kičić; Risto J. Ilmoniemi; Nikos Makris
• Keywords: Neuromodulation; Brain stimulation; Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation; Neurophysiology

Neuromodulation is based on the principle that brain stimulation produces plastic changes in cerebral circuitry. Given intersubject structural and functional variability, neuromodulation has a personalized effect brain. Moreover, because of dominance interhemispheric differences same individual, characterization specific circuitries involved currently not feasible. This notion extremely important for treatments applied neuropsychiatry. Specifically, efficacy critically dependent anatomical precision target circuitry which been affected by TMS intervention. Furthermore, complete understanding how behaves under stimulation, its neurophysiological response necessary as well. goal can be achieved with TMS–EEG guided current multimodal neuroimaging techniques real time, namely MRI-based segmentation diffusion tractographic analysis.