Green biogenic sulfur nanoparticles enhance Capsicum annuum (L.) resilience to salt stress by triggering physio-biochemical and genetic repair mechanisms

• DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2025.1564621
• Publication Date: 2025-03-07T06:52:57Z
• Authors: Hissah Alrabie; Hameed Alsamadany; Ameina S. Almoshadak; Rahma Alshamrani; Manal El-Zohri
• Keywords: Malondialdehyde; Betaine

The synthesis of metal nanoparticles is an expanding field study due to the potential uses in creating new technologies that facilitate production crops by improving tolerance against salinity stress. current outlined green sulfur (SNPs) using Moringa oleifera (Lam.) leaf extract and its protective role on Capsicum annuum (L.) growth Using Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy, transmission electron microscopy (TEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), effective formation synthesized SNPs was examined approved. results confirmed purity morphology SNPs. Then, (1, 10, 100 mg/l) were used nano-priming alleviate adverse effects NaCl (50, mM) C. seedlings. findings demonstrated parameters severely lowered increasing stress level, whereas treatments enhanced plant under both salt levels. optimum concentration for alleviating 10 mg/l significantly increased shoot fresh weight, dry chlorophyll content, cell membrane stability relative water content 75.4, 77.8, 82.5, 89.5 20.9%, while reduced solute potential, Na + /K ratio, proline, glycine betaine, malondialdehyde, H 2 O superoxide anion 45.5, 43.2, 27.7%, 18.1, 40.3, 39.3, 35.4 34.5% respectively compared untreated stressed control at mM NaCl. Moreover, substantially improved, antioxidant enzymes activities upregulated expression some salt-tolerant genes saline conditions. Under levels, CaHAK6 , CaHAK7 CaDHN3 CaCAT1 CaPOD recorded maximum Overall, these demonstrate efficiency as a practical approach NaCl-induced plants triggering many physiological, biochemical genetic repair mechanisms. These offer sustainable agri-environmental strategy mitigating enhancing crop environments.