The Origin of Phthalates in Algae: Biosynthesis and Environmental Bioaccumulation

• DOI: 10.3390/environments11040078
• Publication Date: 2024-04-11T13:37:31Z
• Authors: Andrea Pace; Alessandro Vaglica; Antonella Maccotta; Dario Savoca
• Keywords: algae; phthalic acid esters; 0301 basic medicine; 03 medical and health sciences; endocrine disruptors; bioremediation; seaweed; pollutions; biological activity; aquatic environment; endocrine active substances; metabolites

Phthalic acid esters (PAEs) are a class of ubiquitous and dangerous lipophilic chemicals widely used as additives in various products to improve their physical chemical properties. Although they have been banned many countries, persistence all environmental compartments is particular concern. The aquatic environment especially affected by these compounds because it strongly influenced both contamination anthropic origin natural contaminants including those produced biosynthetically some organisms such algae. In this context, algal can be source remedy for phthalate pollution. Both the increase decrease uptake production depend on physicochemical characteristics environment. dynamics processes aimed at achieving an optimal state competitiveness balance cellular homeostasis. This review summarizes studies dealing with biosynthesis bioaccumulation phthalates algae investigates suggesting strategies identify process leading presence.