Estimation of Surface Duct Using Ground-Based GPS Phase Delay and Propagation Loss

• DOI: 10.3390/rs10050724
• Publication Date: 2018-05-08T16:15:03Z
• Authors: Qixiang Liao; Zheng Sheng; Hanqing Shi; Jie Xiang; Hong Yu
• Keywords: surface duct; refractivity structure; GPS; remote sensing; NSGA-II; matched-field processing; remote sensing; NSGA-II; GPS; Science; Q; 0202 electrical engineering, electronic engineering, information engineering; matched-field processing; surface duct; refractivity structure; 02 engineering and technology

The propagation of Global Positioning System (GPS) signals at low-elevation angles is significantly affected by a surface duct. In this paper, we present an improved algorithm known as NSSAGA, in which simulated annealing (SA) combined with the non-dominated sorting genetic II (NSGA-II). Matched-field processing was used to remotely sense refractivity structure using data ground-based GPS phase delay and loss from multiple antenna heights. performance checked simulation without noise. comparison NSGA-II, new hybrid retrieved more efficiently under various noise conditions. We then modified objective function found that matched-field effective than conventional least-squares method for inferring parameters. Comparing inversion results situ sounding suggests presented herein can capture characteristics realistic environments.