Traumatic brain injury: bridging pathophysiological insights and precision treatment strategies

• DOI: 10.4103/nrr.nrr-d-24-01398
• Publication Date: 2025-03-28T04:17:55Z
• Authors: Yujia Lu; Jie Jin; Huajing Zhang; Qianying Lu; Yingyi Zhang; Chuanchuan Liu; Yangfan Liang; Sijia Tian; Yanmei Zhao; Haojun Fan

Abstract Blood–brain barrier disruption and the neuroinflammatory response are significant pathological features that critically influence disease progression treatment outcomes. This review systematically analyzes current understanding of bidirectional relationship between blood– brain neuroinflammation in traumatic injury, along with emerging combination therapeutic strategies. Literature indicates blood–brain responses key following injury. In acute phase after characteristics include primary activation inflammatory cascades. subacute phase, characterized by repair mechanisms modulation. chronic show persistent low-grade inflammation incomplete recovery barrier. Various physiological changes, such as structural alterations barrier, cascades, extracellular matrix remodeling, interact each other influenced genetic, age, sex, environmental factors. The dynamic balance permeability is regulated hormones, particularly sex hormones stress-related hormones. Additionally, role gastrointestinal receiving increasing attention. Current strategies for injury various methods conventional drug combinations, multimodality neuromonitoring, hyperbaric oxygen therapy, non-invasive stimulation. Artificial intelligence also shows potential decision-making personalized therapy. Emerging sequential precision medicine approaches can help improve outcomes; however, challenges remain, inadequate research on difficulties technology integration. Future should focus strategies, standardization techniques, costeffectiveness evaluations, addressing needs patients comorbidities. A multidisciplinary approach be used to enhance patient