A New Master Supernovae Ia sample and the investigation of the $H_0$ tension

• DOI: 10.48550/arxiv.2501.11772
• Publication Date: 2025-01-01
• Authors: Dainotti, Maria G...; De Simone, Biagio; Mondal, Anargha; Kohri, Kazunori; Pedreira, Augusto...; Bashyal, Angel; Dejrah, Rafid Hasan; Nagataki, Shigehiro; Montani, Giovanni; Singh, Anurag; Garg, Ayush; Parakh, Mudit; Fraija, Nissim; Mandal, Rohit; Sarkar, Hrikhes; Jareen, Tasneem; Jarial, Kinshuk; Lambiase, Gaetano
• Keywords: Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics (astro-ph.CO); FOS: Physical sciences; Astrophysics - Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics

Modern cosmological research still thoroughly debates the discrepancy between local probes and the Cosmic Microwave Background observations in the Hubble constant ($H_0$) measurements, ranging from $4σ$ to $6σ$. In the current study we examine this tension using the Supernovae Ia (SNe Ia) data from the Pantheon, PantheonPlus, Joint Lightcurve Analysis (JLA), and Dark Energy Survey (DES) catalogs together with their combination called Master Sample containing 3789 SNe Ia, and dividing all of them into redshift-ordered bins. Two main binning techniques are presented: the equipopulation and the equispace in the $\log\, z$. We perform a Markov-Chain Monte Carlo analysis (MCMC) for each bin to determine the $H_0$ value, estimating it within the standard flat $Λ$CDM and the $w_{0}w_{a}$CDM models. These $H_0$ values are then fitted with the following phenomenological function: $\mathcal{H}_0(z) = \tilde{H}_0 / (1 + z)^α$, where $\tilde{H}_0$ is a free parameter representing $\mathcal{H}_0(z)$ fitted at $z=0$, and $α$ is the evolutionary parameter. Our results indicate a decreasing trend characterized by $α\sim 0.01$ whose consistency with zero range from $1.00 σ$ at 3 bins in the Pantheon sample with the $w_{0}w_{a}$CDM model to $\geq 6 σ$ at 12 bins with the JLA and DES samples within the $Λ$CDM model. Such a trend in the SNe Ia catalogs could be due to evolution with redshift for the SNe Ia astrophysical variables or unveiled selection biases. Alternatively, intrinsic physics, possibly the $f(R)$ theory of gravity, could be responsible for this trend.<br/>45 pages, 8 figures, 7 tables. Submitted to JHEAP. Comments are welcome<br/>