variation in topography of phrenic nervs in a donkey

• DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.3234123
• Publication Date: 2019-05-28
• Authors: Lyubomir Hristakiev; Bilyana Petkova; Iliana Ruzhanova; Georgi D. Georgiev; Georgi I. Georgiev
• Keywords: variation, diaphragm paralisis; donkey, variation, diaphragm paralisis; Nervus phrenicus, donkey, variation, diaphragm paralisis; diaphragm paralisis; 3. Good health

The purpose of this report is to describe and document the rare anatomical variation of the right phrenic nerve seen in a male donkey. During routine dissection, a deviation of Nervus phrenicus dexter was detected. The phrenic nerves – left and right, were found to pas more ventral and specially right nerve was dislocated from caval vein plica in additional pleural fold. The physiological changes or clinical complications that may occur as a result of nerve dislocation have been discussed<br/>{"references": ["Amory, H., Lomba, F., Lekeux, P. M., Solal, A. N., Jauniaux, T. P. & Desmecht, D. J. (1994). Bilateral diaphragmatic paralysis in a pony. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association, Vol. 205: 587\u2013591.", "Balaji, S., Kunokovsky, P. & Sullivan, I. (1990). Ultrasound in the diagnosis of diaphragmatic paralysis after operation for congenital heart disease. British Heart Journal, Vol. 64: 20\u201322.", "Barone, R. (1980). Anatomia Comparata dei Mammiferi Domestici, Vol. 2. Edizione Italiana a cura di R. Bortolami. Bologna, Ed Agricole. pp. 2, 533\u2013541.", "Bednice D, Mazan Mr, Kuehn H, Et Al (2002). Diaphragmatic paralysis due to phrenic nerve degeneration in a llama. J Vet Intern Med., Vol. 16:603\u2013606", "Byers S, Barrington G, Nelson D, Et Al (2011). Neurological causes of diaphragmatic paralysis in 11 alpacas (Vicugna pacos). J Vet Intern Med, Vol. 25:380\u2013385.", "Clayton, M. Hilary, Peter F. Flood, Diana S. Rosenstein, David Mandeville. (2005) Clinical Anatomy of the Horse. Mosby Elsevier first ed., 318 p.", "Dyce K.M., Sack W. O., Wensing C. J. G. (2010) Locomotor apparatus. in: Textbook of veterinary medicine, 52 p.", "Greene, C. E., Basinger, R. R., Whitfield, J. B. (1988) Surgical management of bilateral diaphragmatic paralysis in a dog. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association, Vol. 193:1542\u2013 1544.", "Prates J\u00fanior, A. G., Vasques, L. C., Bordoni, L. S. (2015). Anatomical variations of the phrenic nerve: an actualized review. J. Morphol. Sci., Vol. 32(1): 53\u201356.", "Vignoli, M., M. Toniato, F. Rossi, R. Terragni, M. Manzini, A. Franchi, And L. Pozzi\u2020. (2002). Transient post-traumatic hemidiaphragmatic paralysis in two cats. Journal of Small Animal Practice Vol. 43: 312\u2013316.", "Young, P. N., Gorgacz, E. J. & Barsanti, J. A. (1980) Respiratory failure associated with diaphragmatic paralysis in a cat. Journal of the American Animal Hospital Association Vol. 16: 933\u2013936."]}<br/>