AbstractA method for general implementation in any software platform of the generalized Coddington equations is presented, developed, and validated within a Matlab environment. The ophthalmic lens design strategy presented thoroughly, basic concepts ray tracing are introduced. methodology shown to include two inter-related processes. Firstly, finite used provide main direction propagation considered at incidence point interest. Afterwards, provides principal curvatures local wavefront that...

While gender mainstreaming has become a key principle for fostering equality across all fields of policy, actual implementation in the field urban planning is still underdeveloped. We posit that Geographic Information Systems (GIS) and open data sources can should be useful tools effectively contribute to devising more effective ways implementing gender-sensitive agenda planning. take case Madrid illustrate how these by building methodology based on concepts infrastructures everyday life...

Peripheral refraction, the refractive error present outside main direction of gaze, has lately attracted interest due to its alleged relationship with progression myopia. The ray tracing procedures involved in calculation need follow an approach different from those used conventional ophthalmic lens design, where errors are compensated only gaze. We a methodology for evaluation peripheral lenses, adapting generalized requirements refraction. nodal point eye and retinal conjugate surface will...

ResumenEste artículo resume los resultados de una investigación empírica sobre la situación las mujeres en arquitectura española, a través del análisis 21 entrevistas profundidad arquitectas distintas generaciones -de 25 40 años, 60, más 60-y sectores actividad -profesión liberal, administración pública, docencia universitaria, asalariadas.Esta muestra por edad es representativa experiencia española porque menos 10 se titularon como antes 1960.La información cualitativa obtenida pone...

This article describes women's situation in architecture and town planning, with special reference to the case of Spain. To this end, drawing on available data, a rather discouraging quantitative description Spanish women architects is presented. In particular, data allows us provide detailed position academic world. The principal causes behind low degree professional integration are also analysed, providing explanations whose significance goes beyond case, showing their relevance...

Women and gender became prominent issues in city planning architecture the 1970s, propelled by activists scholars whose ideas seeped to practice, even as they were fuelled practice feminist movements of era. Prior this, initial forays made pioneers US, including Catherine Bauer Wurster (Bauer, 1934; Wurster, 1963), Jane Addams (Knight, 2005) Jaqueline Tyrwhitt (Shoshkes, 2013). In Europe, collaborative efforts uniting female patrons, architects, social reformers designers contributed...

En los países occidentales, la transformación de las relaciones género y tradicional división sexual del trabajo ha trastocado necesidades servicios apoyo a familia y, en especial, personas dependientes. Sin embargo, políticas sociales urbanísticas, respuesta esta situación está siendo débil muy dispar unos otros. Son, además, mujeres quienes manifiestan espaciales más diferenciadas distintas escalas aspectos sectoriales urbanismo. Este artículo define conceptos “nueva vida cotidiana” e...

This article first presents a historical review of Spain's involvement in the European Spatial Development Perspective (ESDP) preparation process to determine whether ESDP guidelines are different from, contrary or harmony with interests Spanish proposals. Particular attention is paid priority lines and territorial objectives delegation its emphasis substantive issues related cohesion, linking spatial planning Union (EU) funding. If, as network paradigm maintains, development not possible...

The European Commission supports several routes for incorporating the gender perspective. currently new Horizon 2020 program, and also funds projects such as "gendered innovations", which show how innovations increase quality of research professional practice health welfare. One policy instruments is Recommendation on Gender, Science Innovation. Against this background, international Cooperation in Technology (COST) network genderSTE (Gender, Science, Environment) was created, seeks to: 1)...

There are substantial differences in travel behavior by gender on public transit. Studies have concluded that these largely attributable to household responsibilities typically falling disproportionately women, leading women being more likely utilize transit for purposes referred the umbrella concept of "mobility care". In contrast past studies quantified impact using survey and qualitative data, we propose a novel data-driven workflow utilizing combination previously developed origin,...

Spatial conviviality for women is an emerging research area in the international scene that needs contextualization. This comparative study focuses on Place Ettoute Blida, Algeria, and Plaza De Felipe II Madrid, Spain. The paper identifies common features differences contribute to of public spaces each location. two case studies are observed analysed using analysis grid four key dimensions: safety, functionality, comfort, dignity. While first three dimensions similar both contexts, "dignity"...

This paper provides an overview of the history first women graduates in architecture Cyprus, Greece, and Turkey. Based on a review digital archives secondary sources written by local researchers, aim this research is to contribute dissemination valorisation women’s work contributions modern architecture. The three countries under study constitute one most interesting European peripheries from point view architecture, but also gender studies history. Turkey, with their peculiarities...