Military service members risk acquiring posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and mild-traumatic brain injury (mTBI), with high comorbidity. Owing to overlapping symptomatology in chronic mTBI or postconcussion syndrome (PCS) PTSD, it is difficult assess the etiology of a patient's condition without objective measures. Using resting-state functional MRI novel framework, we tested hypothesis that their neural signatures are characterized by functionally hyperconnected regions which less...

Eight pigeons were trained and tested in a simultaneous same/different task. After pecking an upper picture, they pecked lower picture to indicate same or white rectangle different. Increases the training set size from 8 1,024 items produced improved transfer 51.3% 84.6%. This is first evidence that can perform two-item task as accurately with novel both above 80% correct. Fixed-set control groups ruled out time testing producing high level of abstract-concept learning. Comparisons similar...

Experiments with 9 rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta) showed, for the first time, that abstract-concept learning varied training stimulus set size. In a same/different task, required to touch top picture before choosing bottom (same) or white rectangle (different) learned rapidly. Monkeys not presented fixed time slowly at all. No occurred after 8-item but progressively improved larger sizes and was complete following 128-item training. A control monkey constant ruled out repeated testing....

concept learning, including same/different and matching-to-sample provides the basis for many other forms of "higher" cognition.The issue which species can learn abstract concepts extent to abstractconcept learning is expressed across discussed.Definitive answers this are argued depend on subjects' strategy (e.g., a relational-learning strategy) particular procedures used test abstract-concept learning.Some critical that we have identified are: How present items to-be-compared in pairs),...

Abstract Brain connectivity studies report group differences in pairwise connection strengths. While informative, such results are difficult to interpret since our understanding of the brain relies on region‐based properties, rather than information. Given that large disruptions often caused by a few pivotal sources, we propose novel framework identify sources functional disruption from effective networks. Our approach integrates static and time‐varying modeling probabilistic framework,...

Recognition of words and kaleidoscope pictures showed a double dissociation left right hippocampal activity using magnetic source imaging (MSI). MSI has advantages over alternative techniques that measure hemodynamic changes for identifying regional in brain real time on an individual subject basis without the need image subtraction. In this study, lists or were presented memorization followed by tests list items foils during which was recorded. There greater activation than hippocampus with...

Two experiments examined the acquisition and transfer of a complex same-different discrimination by pigeons.With use 2-alternative choice task, 5 pigeons were reinforced for discriminating odd-item Different displays, in which contrasting target was present, from Same all elements identical.Four different types displays concurrently tested.The display differed their configuration (texture vs. visual search organization), nature (small large colored shapes; pictures birds, flowers, fish,...

Neuroimaging of the domestic dog is a rapidly expanding research topic in terms cognitive domains being investigated.Because dogs have shared both physical and social world with humans for thousands years, they provide unique socially relevant means investigating variety human canine psychological phenomena.Additionally, their trainability allows neuroimaging to be carried out noninvasively an awake unrestrained state.In this review, brief overview functional magnetic resonance imaging...

Functional MRI (fMRI) is an indirect measure of neural activity as a result the convolution hemodynamic response function (HRF) and latent (unmeasured) activity. Recent studies have shown variability HRF across brain regions (intra-subject spatial variability) between subjects (inter-subject variability). Ignoring this during data analysis could impair reliability such fMRI results. Using whole-brain resting-state (rs-fMRI), we employed deconvolution to estimate voxel-wise HRF. Studying...

Three capuchin monkeys (Cebus apella) touched the lower of 2 pictures (same) or a white rectangle (different), increased same/different abstract-concept learning (52% to 87%) with set-size increases (8 128 pictures), and were better than 3 rhesus (Macaca mulatta). other that top picture before choices learned similar capuchins but at list-memory learning. Both species' serial position functions in shape changes retention delays. Other species showed qualitatively quantitatively different...

The generalization hypothesis of abstract-concept learning was tested with a meta-analysis rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta), capuchin (Cebus apella), and pigeons (Columba livia) same/different (S/D) task expanding training sets. states that as the number items increases, from pairs will increase could explain subjects' accurate novel-stimulus transfer. By contrast, concept is relationship between each pair items; more subjects learn exemplars rule transfer better. Having to stimulus (the...

Abstract concepts--rules that transcend training stimuli--have been argued to be unique some species. Pigeons, a focus of much concept-learning research, were tested for learning matching-to-sample abstract concept. Five pigeons trained with three cartoon stimuli. Pigeons pecked sample 10 times and then chose which two simultaneously presented comparison stimuli matched the sample. After acquisition, abstract-concept was by presenting novel cartoons on 12 out 96 trials 4 consecutive...

The ability to learn abstract relational concepts is fundamental higher level cognition. In contrast item-specific (e.g. pictures containing trees versus cars), are not bound particular stimulus features, but instead involve the relationship between stimuli and therefore may be extrapolated novel stimuli. Previous research investigating same/different concept has suggested that primates might specially adapted extract relations among items would require fewer exemplars of a rule an than...

Brain functioning relies on various segregated/specialized neural regions as an integrated-interconnected network (i.e., metastability). Various psychiatric and neurologic disorders are associated with aberrant of these brain networks. In this study, we present a novel framework integrating the strength temporal variability metastability in We demonstrate that approach provides mechanistic insights which enables better imaging-based predictions. Using whole-brain resting-state fMRI...