A method is described by which seeds of terrestrial orchids are sown and retrieved in the field under almost natural conditions. For first time it possible to conduct a quantitative study orchid germination situ observe seasonal growth mortality seedlings. The technique has also enabled us investigate relation between site where sown, availability an appropriate fungus infect seeds, seedling establishment soil. Five local species were studied. Corallorhiza odontorhiza, Goodyera pubescens ,...

Orchid mycorrhiza probably affects about 25 000 plant species and thus roughly one tenth of all higher plants. Histologically, this symbiosis resembles other kinds endomycorrhiza, the fungal hyphae growing within living cells. Considerable evidence, however, suggests that it is not a two‐way exchange relationship potentially mutualistic, such as wide‐spread endomycorrhiza between plants Glomalean fungi, known arbuscular mycorrhiza. During achlorophyllous seedling stage orchids are obligately...

The European Standard EN 17037 was first introduced in 2018 with the aim of encouraging building designers to ensure adequate daylight buildings. Experience has shown that standard’s criteria for provision are generally perceived be too challenging, and this turn hindered its implementation national legislations. This paper proposes a revised illuminance-based using specific case regularly occupied rooms multifamily Swedish residential buildings as an example. In total, 3562 representing...

A method is described by which seeds of terrestrial orchids are sown and retrieved in the field under almost natural conditions. For first time it possible to conduct a quantitative study orchid germination situ observe seasonal growth mortality seedlings. The technique has also enabled us investigate relation between site where sown, availability an appropriate fungus infect seeds, seedling establishment soil. Five local species were studied. Corallorhiza odontorhiza, Goodyera pubescens,...

Recent phylogenetic analyses confirm the monophyly of Orchidaceae as sister group to remainder Asparagales, and identify sequence early branching lineages in Orchidaceae. Orchid seedling mycorrhiza (OSM) involving rhizoctonious fungi is distributed widely all subfamilies, including first ones, its status a founding event thus supported. OSM recognized one element character syndrome that distinguishes orchid biology, we argue was evolve. We also discuss possible evolutionary origins...

Temporal turnover events in biotic interactions involving plants are rarely assessed, although such changes might afford a considerable acclimation potential to the plant. This could enable fairly rapid responses short-term fluctuations growth conditions as well lasting long-term climatic trends. Here, we present classification of temporal encompassing 11 possible scenarios. Using orchid mycorrhiza study model, show that common, and discuss under which fungal symbiont is expected. We provide...

The mitochondrial ribosomal large subunit (Ls) DNA was used to identify the orchid mycorrhizal fungi found in roots of Dactylorhiza majalis. gene amplified using extracted from single pelotons obtained fresh and silica gel dried roots. Furthermore, sequencing a variety well-characterized isolates expanded fungal database LsDNA. Polymerase chain reaction product length variants present D. majalis were sequenced identified database. These analyses revealed two different peloton-forming samples...

The abundance and reproductive activity of orchids have been linked to variations in weather conditions, but few investigators examined the relationships between orchid flowering dynamics distribution mycorrhizal fungi. We quantified individuals Corallorhiza odontorhiza , a mycoheterotrophic orchid, over 14‐year period mapped six 14 years. For two seasons, we conducted intensive extensive studies fungi that were associated with C. . annual plants was statistically related growing‐season...

The literature on terminology of stomata and stomatal development is reviewed the rationalized. classification developmental types developing cells should not be combined with morphological mature complexes. involved in distinguished basis their origin position complex, future form appearance. It unsound to distinguish any kind cell only a presumed division by which it replaced its two daughter cells. Development begins formation meristemoid an unequal protodermal cell. A may divide...

In a living tree crown, the surface expands from year to and limbs of thicken, as consequence primary secondary growth. An epiphytic plant fixed on bark is thus subject constant and, at times, rapid successional change, which epiphyte must acclimate or die. These changes concern physical chemical development in substrate microclimatic conditions. Thus, width tolerance range an species principle defines its typical longevity. Epiphytes are distributed non-random fashion with respect crown...

Abstract Members of the orchid family occupy many germination niches, in terrestrial, epiphytic and epilithic environments. How seeds attach to their substrate survive after dispersal is largely unknown. C-lignin a recently discovered specialized lignin, found seed coats some plants, including species, but its functional biological significance obscure. We studied coat ontogenesis three species ( Neuwiedia veratrifolia , Cypripedium formosanum Phalaenopsis aphrodite ) that represent basal...

Research Article| July 01 1959 The metabolism of acetaldehyde in mammalian tissues. Reactions rat-liver suspensions under anaerobic conditions F. Lundquist; Lundquist 1Department Forensic Medicine, University Copenhagen, Denmark Search for other works by this author on: This Site PubMed Google Scholar Ulla Fugmann; Fugmann Edith Kläning; Kläning H. Rasmussen Author and article information Publisher: Portland Press Ltd © CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY PRESS1959 Biochem J (1959) 72 (3): 409–419....

In £ight cages, worker bumblebees (Bombus impatiens) spontaneously explored the surroundings of their nest and foraged in complete darkness by walking instead £ying from feeders up to 150 cm away nest.This behaviour was wholly unexpected these classically visual foragers.The ¢nding provides a controlled system for dissecting possible non-visual components navigation used daylight.It also allows us isolate mechanisms naturally dark situations, such as nest.Using infrared video, we mapped...

Research Article| August 01 1962 The metabolism of acetaldehyde in mammalian tissues. Reactions rat-liver suspensions under aerobic conditions F LUNDQUIST; LUNDQUIST Search for other works by this author on: This Site PubMed Google Scholar U FUGMANN; FUGMANN H RASMUSSEN; RASMUSSEN I SVENDSEN Author and article information Publisher: Portland Press Ltd © Biochemical Society1962 Biochem J (1962) 84 (2): 281–286. https://doi.org/10.1042/bj0840281 Views Icon Article contents Figures & tables...

Summary • The mycorrhiza of orchids represents an energy source that may replace or supplement photosynthesis. Dependency on mycotrophy in adult life stages would thus be expected to inversely related the prevalence phototrophic structures. phenology underground parts and mycorrhizal infection were monitored five terrestrial species differing leaf (and strategy): Goodyera pubescens (evergreen) , Tipularia discolor (wintergreen) Galearis spectabilis Liparis lilifolia (summergreen)...

Concerns about declining populations of terrestrial orchids make it important to identify the environmental factors crucial seedling recruitment. This study shows that seedlings Tipularia discolor (cranefly orchid) primarily occur on decomposing wood. Extensive searches logs and stumps in mature successional forests revealed at 24 sites, which 15 could be identified as originating from seven different deciduous trees one conifer. Seeds were planted natural habitats test hypothesis...