Describes circuit techniques for fabricating a high-speed adder using pass-transistor logic. Double logic (DPL) is shown to improve performance at reduced supply voltage. Its symmetrical arrangement and double-transmission characteristics the gate speed without increasing input capacitance. A carry propagation technique called conditional selection (CCS) resolve problem of series-connected pass transistors in path. By combining these techniques, addition time 32-b ALU can be by 30% from that...

The fabrication and basic characteristics of a InGaAs/InGaAsP multi-quantum-well (MQW) electroabsorption modulator with novel structure integrated distributed-feedback (DFB) laser are presented. A fundamental study was performed on the applicability MQW to an electroabsorption-type modulator. Efficient attenuation small hole pileup chirp discrete based this were demonstrated experimentally. controllability in-plane band-gap energy by use selective-area metal-organic chemical vapor deposition...

Abstract Background The aim of this study was to evaluate and compare the difference in level pain using visual analog scale (VAS) between cases treated with edgewise appliance Invisalign. In addition, cause discomfort Invisalign identified. Methods sample consisted 145 for group (EG; n = 55), (IG; 38), (EIG; 52). VAS scores were collected during first three stages (first stage: 0 7 days, second 14 21 third 28 35 days) at end treatment (overall score). Evaluation categorized into different...

A 54/spl times/54-b multiplier using pass-transistor multiplexers has been fabricated by 0.25 /spl mu/m CMOS technology. To enhance the speed performance, a new 4-2 compressor and carry lookahead adder (CLA), both featuring multiplexers, have developed. The circuits advantage over conventional because number of critical-path gate stages is minimized due to high logic functionality multiplexers. active size 3.77/spl times/3.41 mm. multiplication time 4.4 ns at 3.5-V power supply.< <ETX...

Integrating the input and output waveguides with a multiple-quantum-well (MQW) electro-absorption (EA) optical modulator is shown to achieve ultra-high-speed modulation while keeping total device length long enough for easy fabrication packaging. Testing fabricated modulators showed that shorter region results in larger bandwidth. The additional loss due waveguide integration was less than 1 dB. An optimized large bandwidth of 50 GHz, low driving voltage 3 V, insertion 8 A prototype module...

We present temperature-dependent electrical characteristics of vertically aligned carbon nanofiber (CNF) arrays for on-chip interconnect applications. The study consists three parts. First, the electron transport mechanisms in these structures are investigated using I-V measurements over a broad temperature range (4.4 K to 350 K). measured resistivity CNF is modeled based on known graphite two-dimensional hopping conduction mechanism. model used because disordered structure observed during...

A 32-b CMOS ALU (arithmetic and logic unit), fabricated using 0.25- mu m technology, that has a 1.5-ns addition time with 2.5-V supply, is described. This achieved double pass-transistor (DPL) conditional carry-selection (CCS) carry look-ahead circuit. The measured supply-voltage dependence of shown, revealing excellent low-voltage performance. DPL AND/NAND OR/NOR ring oscillators show speed improvements 15% 30% over NAND NOR oscillators.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"...

An environmental cell for high-temperature, high-resolution transmission electron microscopy of nanomaterials in near atmospheric pressures is developed. The developed a side-entry type with built-in specimen-heating element and micropressure gauge. relationship between the condition quality microscopic (TEM) image diffraction pattern was examined experimentally theoretically. By using consisting two electron-transparent silicon nitride thin films as window material, gas pressure inside...

The genes coding for two structurally different isocitrate dehydrogenase isozymes (IDH-I and IDH-II) of a psychrophilic bacterium, Vibrio sp. strain ABE-1, were cloned sequenced. Open reading frames the (icdI icdII) are 1,248 2,229 bp in length, respectively. amino acid sequences predicted from open icdI icdII corresponded to N-terminal purified IDH-I IDH-II, No homology was found between deduced isozymes; however, IDH-I, dimeric enzyme, had high sequence identity (74.3%) Escherichia coli...

Laser-induced fluorescence of the CH3S andCD3S Ã 2A1−X̃ 2E transitions was studied. The 000 bandhead 2A1–2E3/2 transition lies at 26 531 cm−1 (376.82 nm) for and 574 (376.20 CD3S. Prominent progressions C–S stretching mode (ν3) both in excitation dispersed spectra are characterized by a doublet structure corresponding to spin-orbit splitting ground state. band shapes 2A1–2E1/2 2A1–3E3/2 were found be quite different from each other, which interpreted as difference geometry sublevels. From...

Current-induced breakdown is investigated for carbon nanofibers (CNF) potential interconnect applications. The measured maximum current density in the suspended CNF inversely proportional to nanofiber length and independent of diameter. This relationship can be described with a heat transport model that takes into account Joule heating diffusion along CNF, assuming occurs when where temperature reaches threshold or critical value.

Action potentials are successively evoked on a squid giant axon by Gaussian impulse train which has white spectral density for low frequencies. The time relations of the response impulses different from those stimuli because refractory period cuts off too short pulse intervals and modifies traveling velocities action potentials. As result, potential sequence acquires l/f component frequency tail power density. It is quite probable that biological information carried disturbed 1/f noise....

We present a study of high-field transport in carbon nanofibers (CNFs) and breakdown phenomena due to current stress. In situ measurements with scanning transmission electron microscopy reveal that the failure mode CNFs is strongly related morphology graphite layers comprising CNFs. Comparison nanotube (CNT) made, demonstrating capacity described by similar model as CNTs modification each graphitic layer. The maximum density correlated resistivity, leading conclusion lower resistivity results higher

Two-dimensional tiling manners as cross-sectional views of cylindrical domain assembly formed by pentablock quarterpolymers the AB1CB2D type in bulk were investigated. Several binary and ternary blends from three mother polymers having different ϕB1/ϕB2 ratios (ϕB1 ϕB2 are volume fractions B1 B2 blocks, respectively) represent nonperiodic but ordered triangle/square tilings, where N3/N4 (N3 N4 numbers triangles squares observed area, all close enough to theoretical value 4/√3 ≑ 2.31 for...

The local bandgap energy of an InGaAs/InGaAsP multiple quantum well (MQW) structure was precisely adjusted by in-plane Eg control in one-step selective area metalorganic chemical vapor deposition (MOCVD) growth. technique then applied to MQW electroabsorption-modulator integrated distributed feedback (DFB) laser. Experimental results showed superior device characteristics, such as a high extinction ratio 25 dB and low threshold current 15 mA.< <ETX...

We study the performance and reliability of carbon nanofiber (CNF) interconnects under high-current stress by examining CNF breakdown for four test configurations, suspended/supported with/without tungsten deposition. The use W is to improve CNF-electrode contact. supported cases show a larger current density just before than suspended ones, suggesting an effective heat dissipation substrate. W-deposited contacts reduce initial total resistance from megaohm range without kilo-ohms....

We present an infrared source operating at 1937 nm center wavelength capable of generating 1.35 mJ pulse energies with 1 kHz repetition rate and 2 GW peak power based on a diode-pumped Tm:YAP regenerative amplifier. The obtained pulses after 45 round trips have been compressed down to 360 fs. Using only small portion (15 μJ) the output system we managed generate white light continuum in 3 mm YAG window that exhibits viability as suitable candidate for pumping mid-infrared optical parametric

In a carbon nanofiber (CNF)-metal system such as bridge between two gold electrodes, passing high current (current stressing) reduces the total resistance of (CNF RCNF plus contact Rc) by orders magnitude. The role stressing is modeled reduction in interfacial tunneling gap with transport characteristics attributed to Au and CNF. model predicts Rc gradual disappearance nonlinearity current-voltage (I-V) decreases. These results are consistent measured I-V behavior.