The testing effect is a robust empirical finding in the research on learning and instruction, demonstrating that taking tests during phase facilitates later retrieval from long-term memory. Early evidence came mainly laboratory studies, though recent years applied educational researchers have become increasingly interested effects of practice. We investigated extent can also be observed effectively used psychology classes. Inspection literature yielded 19 publications tested context teaching...

Previous research on the testing effect has primarily focussed benefits of at cognitive performance level but rather disregarded potential effects metacognitive level. In present study, we examined retrieval practise during learning to improve accuracy confidence judgments in future retrieval. a learning-from-text experiment with 98 secondary school students, implemented an initial test as and final one week later. Both tests assessed students’ correctness answering their answers. The...

The executive function of shifting between mental sets demands cognitive flexibility. Based on evidence that physical exercise fostered cognition, we tested whether acute can improve in an unselected sample adolescents. Genetic polymorphisms were analyzed to gain more insight into possibly contributing neurophysiological processes. We examined 297 students aged 13 and 17 years their schools. Physical was manipulated by intense incremental condition using bicycle ergometers a control which...

We introduce a specific type of item for knowledge tests, confidence-weighted true–false (CTF) items, and review experiences its application in psychology courses. A CTF is statement about the learning content to which students respond whether true or false, they rate their confidence level. Previous studies using items were reviewed data from 21 additional courses ( N = 1879 teacher candidates) revealed that successfully applied measure performance at cognitive metacognitive Furthermore,...

Recent research has investigated physical exercise to improve executive control. In two experiments, we examined the potential of intense acute control processes in task switching. Experiment 1, participants performed switching after resting and different sessions; order intervention was counterbalanced. An interaction emerged. Participants only reduced switch cost when coincided with Session 2. The interactional pattern clarified experimental sessions, but rest varied between prior When...

Research on effects of acute physical exercise performance in a concurrent cognitive task has generated equivocal evidence. Processing efficiency theory predicts that can increase resource requirements for sustaining even when the level is unaffected. This hypothesis was tested dual-task experiment. Sixty young adults worked primary auditory attention and secondary interval production while cycling bicycle ergometer. Physical load (cycling) were manipulated. Neither nor affected performance,...

Abstract The application of knowledge to new contexts (i.e., transfer) is a central aim learning processes and has become focus testing effect research. In quasi‐experimental design, we investigated the transfer retrieval practice effects on English vocabulary eighth‐grade students ( N = 182) by applying typical study paradigm including study, initial test or restudy, final test. comprised four formats, one identical (non‐transfer context), three deviating from (transfer context). Comparing...

Studies demonstrate that students’ study behavior is frequently dysfunctional, because they tend to cram shortly before examinations. This antithetical spaced learning and can impair academic achievement. We investigated the extent temporal distribution of activities (a) varies as a function organization course, (b) subject individual differences (c) affects metacognitive outcome. Participants four lecture-like educational psychology courses ( N = 259) were presented with materials stored on...

This study investigated the effects of retrieval practice on cognitive and metacognitive learning outcome in a psychology lecture at university. In within-subjects design, N = 180 students completed an intermediate knowledge test 9 th session final 13 semester. Both tests assessed students’ correctness answering confidence their answers. test, items that were intermediately tested answered as correctly not tested. The failure to find testing effect level performance could be attributed...

Introduction The flipped classroom (FC) model shifts the initial presentation of new content from in-class to out-of-class, while time focuses on elaborating previously presented content. Although FC’s benefits learning outcomes are well-documented, mediating processes remain unclear due simultaneous enrichment activities in many studies. This study investigates whether merely flipping content, without additional enrichment, enhances outcomes. Method In two studies, psychology students...

Zusammenfassung In Schule und Hochschule werden Tests meist als Instrument zur Leistungsüberprüfung -bewertung eingesetzt. Dabei weisen Ansätze des evidenzbasierten Lehrens Lernens darauf hin, dass Testen Abrufübung auch Lernförderung eingesetzt können. Es drei Argumente erörtert, die für eine Anwendung von Abrufübungen Lernmethode in der Unterrichtspraxis sprechen: (1) Entwicklung Testeffektforschung Laborkontexten zu Anwendungskontexten sowie direkte Effekte Testens auf (2) den Transfer...