Diffusion of ${\mathrm{Ag}}^{110m}$ radioactive tracer has been measured in amorphous Pd-19-at.%-Si specimens characterized by a Seeman-Bohlin x-ray diffractometer. The diffusion parameters this metallic phase have found to regime distinctly different from liquid and crystalline phases.

Several radioactive isotopes of Fe and Co were simultaneously diffused into an equiatomic FeCo alloy which exhibits fcc, bcc, CsCl-type ordered phases with decreasing temperature. Penetration profiles obtained by standard lathe sectioning a grinding-sectioning technique described in this paper. From In D-versus-$\frac{1}{T}$ plots, activation energies 68.5 55 kcal frequency factors 1.26 0.25 ${\mathrm{cm}}^{2}$/sec for diffusion ${\mathrm{Fe}}^{59}$ the fcc bcc phases, respectively. similar...

Self-diffusion measurements in near-equiatomic ordered Au-Cd alloy single-crystal specimens having 47.5, 49.0, and 50.5 at.% Cd nominal composition have been made over a temperature range of 353-598\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}C, using ${\mathrm{Cd}}^{109}$, ${\mathrm{Cd}}^{115}$, ${\mathrm{Au}}^{195}$ radioactive tracers sectioning techniques. A differential counting method possible direct measurement the ratio diffusivities $\frac{{D}_{\mathrm{cd}}}{{D}_{\mathrm{Au}}}$ to within few...

rf sputter etching has been successful tested for microsectioning and profiling of Au195 radioactive tracer self-diffusion into Au. It was possible to obtain sections only 50 Å thickness in a reproducible manner measure extremely small diffusion coefficients. The technique is expected lend itself universally microsectioning.

M–Si–N and M–Si (M=Mo, Ta, or W) thin films, reactively sputtered from M5Si3 WSi2 targets, are examined as diffusion barriers for aluminum metallizations of silicon. Methods analysis include electrical tests shallow-junction diodes, 4He++ backscattering spectrometry, x-ray diffraction, transmission electron microscopy, scanning secondary-ion-mass spectrometry. At the proper compositions, films prevent Al overlayers electrically degrading diodes after 10 min anneals above melting point...

Diffusion of Ni atoms in P-doped Czochralski-grown (Cz) monocrystalline Si has been studied using the $^{63}\mathrm{Ni}$ radiotracer and autoradiographic sectioning techniques. The diffusivity Cz is described by D=6\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}${10}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}4}$ exp[(-0.76 eV)/kT] ${\mathrm{cm}}^{2}$/sec over temperature range 220--540 \ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}C. solubility at 800 \ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}C about ${10}^{16}$ atoms/${\mathrm{cm}}^{3}$....

Formation of intermetallic compounds in Ti-Cu thin film bilayer samples has been studied between 300–475 °C by Rutherford backscattering and glancing-angle x-ray diffraction techniques. The first compound to be formed was TiCu followed TiCu3, the latter showed detectable deviations from stoichiometry. thickening both obeyed a parabolic relationship with time. interdiffusion coefficient derived formation can described following expressions: TiCu:D=4.85×10−4 exp(—1.48eV/kT) cm2/sec,...

Simultaneous self-diffusion measurements of Zn and Au in near-equiatomic highly ordered AuZn ($B2$ structure) single-crystal specimens having 49.0, 50.0, 51.0 at.% nominal composition were made over a temperature range 428-650 \ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}C using ${\mathrm{Zn}}^{65}$ ${\mathrm{Au}}^{195}$ radioactive tracers the serial lathe sectioning technique. Employing modified energy-discrimination method for nuclear counting, it was possible to measure ratio diffusivities...

Mastitis, a complex disease, even at subclinical stage has major economic impact on the dairy industry.The disease pattern machine milking which recently been introduced in Indian system is to be studied.Therefore present study was conducted see prevalence, distribution and sensitivity of bacteria level milked farms Punjab state.

We report the results of grain-boundary diffusion measurements for Pb and Sn tracers in Pb1−xSnx alloys where x = 1.7, 3.5, 8.3 at. %. also lattice these alloys. The low temperature 8.3% alloy are particularly interesting, because precipitation or dissolution may occur at temperatures during anneal depending on history sample. variation diffusivities measured simultaneous was small. However, case were consistently lower than corresponding equilibrium values. There be several possible causes...

Effect of inter-stage pressure on the performance a two stage refrigeration cycle using inter cooler is studied based thermodynamic modelling. Six common refrigerants are selected for analyses. These R134a, R22 and R143a as synthetic propane, carbon dioxide nitrous oxide natural refrigerants. The designed input range -50oC to -30oC evaporator temperature 40oC 60oC heat rejection temperature. Three classical relations estimating in system evaluated against optimized corresponding best COP....

Heat shock proteins play a critical role in the development of thermotolerance and protection from cellular damage associated with heat stresses. The study was undertaken to investigate association single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) Hsp90ab1 gene thermo-physiological parameters viz, respiration rate (RR), rectal temperature (RT), tolerance coefficient (HTC) total milk yield Sahiwal cows. RR RT were recorded once different seasons, viz., winter, spring, summer, at probable extreme hot...

Measurements have been made to 5.2 kbar at 541\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}C of the simultaneous diffusion ${\mathrm{Au}}^{195}$ and ${\mathrm{Zn}}^{65}$ in ordered AuZn alloys having nominal compositions 49.0-, 50.0-, 51.2-at.% Zn. The activation volumes $\ensuremath{\Delta}V$ obtained from these data are maximum 50:50 composition decrease on both sides stoichiometry. value is approximately 8.5 \ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{} 0.8 ${\mathrm{cm}}^{3}$/mole or 0.9 times molar volume...

The transport of Ni atoms through P-doped Czochralski-grown (5\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}${10}^{14}$ ${\mathrm{cm}}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}3}$) Si 〈100〉 single-crystal wafers has been measured in the temperature range 450 to 540 \ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}C utilizing an Al sink and Rutherford backscattering technique. It is described by DC=(8\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}${10}^{22}$)exp[-(2.16 eV/kT)] atoms/cm sec, where D C are diffusivity solubility Si, respectively. An...