Half a century of research on bystander behavior concludes that individuals are less likely to intervene during an emergency when in the presence others than alone.By contrast, little is known regarding aggregated likelihood at least someone present will do something help.The importance establishing this intervention baseline not only scholarly interest but also most pressing question for actual public victims-will I receive help if needed?The current article describes largest systematic...

Objectives: The widespread use of camera surveillance in public places offers criminologists the opportunity to systematically and unobtrusively observe crime, their main subject matter. purpose this essay is inform reader current developments research on crimes caught camera. Methods: We address importance direct observation behavior review criminological studies that used observational methods, with without cameras, including ones published issue. also discuss uses recordings other social...

Purpose Virus epidemics may be mitigated if people comply with directives to stay at home and keep their distance from strangers in public. As such, there is a public health interest social distancing compliance. The available evidence on practices space limited, however, by the lack of observational data. Here, we apply video observation as method examine what extent members directives. Data Closed Circuit Television (CCTV) footage interactions was collected inner-city Amsterdam,...

Objectives: Drawing on the rational choice perspective, this study aims at explaining why some robberies take place with physical force while others occur only threat. The focus is how expected and observed victim resistance impact by robbers. Methods: We draw quantitative qualitative data obtained from 104 robbers who described 143 robbery events. Based coding of behavioral sequences between offenders victims, we distinguish use onset during progression event. Results: At robberies,...

Abstract Are individuals willing to intervene in public violence? Half a century of research on the “bystander effect” suggests that more bystanders present at an emergency, less likely each them is provide help. However, recent meta‐analytical evidence questions whether this effect generalizes violent emergencies. Besides number present, alternative line pre‐existing social relations between and conflict participants are important for explaining The current paper offers rare comparison both...

Abstract Face masks have been widely employed as a personal protective measure during the COVID-19 pandemic. However, concerns remain that create false sense of security reduces adherence to other public health measures, including social distancing. This paper tested whether mask-wearing was negatively associated with distancing compliance. In two studies, we combined video-observational records in Dutch cities natural-experimental approach evaluate effect an area-based mask mandate. We...

Post-aggression consolation is assumed to occur in humans as well chimpanzees. While following peer aggression has been observed children, systematic evidence of human adults rare. We used surveillance camera footage the immediate aftermath nonfatal robberies observe behaviors and characteristics victims bystanders. Consistent with empathy explanations, we found that was linked social closeness rather than physical closeness. females were more likely console males, males equally be consoled....

Naturalistic observations of conflict events documented that, similarly to nonhuman primates, human bystanders take an active role in managing the negative consequences conflicts.However, although primates it has been suggested that conflicts increase social tension by turn affecting their propensity, humans there is still lack evidence. By applying observational methods from primatology, we conducted video analysis streets fights recorded surveillance cameras public spaces Amsterdam order...

Laub and Sampson's age-graded theory of social control posits that the greater is a person's agency, less person commits crime. But agency has dark side as well. Some people choose to offend in order transform their life; when this happens, cause In present article we draw on life course rational choice perspectives explore idea. Our study based qualitative data obtained through interviews with observations offenders from socially disadvantaged areas Cape Town, South Africa. Participants...

Objective: Workplace aggression is a harmful occupational hazard, which has been associated with individual and organizational level risk factors.By comparison, little known about the face-to-face interactional dynamics that shape employee victimizations.To address this gap, we provide an analysis of how ticket inspector actions are passenger aggression.Method: Data was video sample 123 fining events from public buses recorded by body-worn cameras.We systematically coded in each event.The...

In real-life violence, bystanders can take an active role in de-escalating conflict and helping others. Recent meta-analytical evidence of experimental studies suggests that elevated danger levels conflicts facilitate bystander intervention. However, this finding may lack ecological validity because ethical concerns prohibit exposing participants to potentially harmful situations. Using ecologically valid method, based on analysis 80 interpersonal unobtrusively recorded by public...

Social scientists increasingly use video data, but large-scale analysis of its content is often constrained by scarce manual coding resources. Upscaling may be possible with the application automated procedures, which are being developed in field computer vision. Here, we introduce vision to social scientists, review state-of-the-art relevant subfields, and provide a working example how can applied empirical sociological work. Our involves defining ground truth human coders, developing an...

Abstract Background Social distancing behavior has been a critical nonpharmaceutical measure for mitigating the COVID-19 pandemic. For this reason, there widespread interest in factors determining social violations, with particular focus on individual-based factors. Objective In paper, we examine an alternative and less appreciated indicator of violations: situational opportunity maintaining interpersonal distance crowded settings. This opportunities is borrowed from criminology, where it...

That gangs have a prominent place in South African prison violence—like many other geographical contexts—has become increasingly clear. Based on qualitative research among inmates and ex-inmates, we propose that be considered adaptation strategies to the extremely coercive oppressive environments of prisons. We focus relationship between gang involvement prison, violent acts inmates, risk being subjected violence during incarceration. By providing emic perspectives, aim demonstrate how...

A small-scale exploration of the use video analysis to study robberies. We analyze weapons as part body posturing robbers they attempt attain dominance.Qualitative analyses footage 23 shop used Observer XT software (version 12) for fine-grained multimodal coding, capturing diverse bodily behavior by various actors simultaneously. also constructed story lines understand robberies hermeneutic whole cases.Robbers dominance using that afford aggrandizing and forward movements. Guns rather than...

Most countries in the world have recommended or mandated face masks some all public places during COVID-19 pandemic. However, mask use has been thought to increase people's face-touching frequency and thus risk of self-inoculation. Across two studies, we video-observed behaviour members Amsterdam Rotterdam (the Netherlands) first wave Study 1 (n = 383) yielded evidence favour absence an association between mask-wearing (defined as touches mask), 2 421) replicated this result. Secondary...

The coupling of racial and economic stratification has been found to result in a range adverse outcomes for youth color, including disproportionate exposure violence victimization. Primary explanations these patterns, particularly at the micro‐level, have focused on impact street culture. In this article, we draw from multiyear ethnography Cape Town, South Africa, offer theoretical elaboration place culture contributing victimization risks among urban minority young men. study is based data...

As intimate partner violence (IPV) often remains unknown to police, bystanders can play a crucial role in prevention and further escalation of IPV. However, little is known about what brings them into action by reporting incidents IPV authorities. such, we use statements who filed reports an official domestic agency the Netherlands ( N = 78), investigate reasoning motivations for their suspicions. Results show that reasons report differ depending on relational dynamics between partners. In...

Objective: Accumulating evidence shows that bystanders witnessing public disputes frequently intervene to help. However, little is known regarding the risks entailed for those who enter fray stop conflicts. This study systematically examined prevalence of bystander victimizations and associated risk factors. Method: Data were a cross-national sample 93 surveillance camera recordings real-life disputes, capturing potential 417 intervening 636 nonintervening bystanders. Results: showed...

Guardians are a potential resource of conflict de-escalation but we still know little about their actual behaviour. In this article investigate whom among the antagonists guardian selects as target when they intervene in an interpersonal conflict. We using CCTV footage from Amsterdam (the Netherlands) 46 conflicts public spaces involving 641 interventions by 176 individuals. find that guardians more likely to antagonists: (1) who have performed most aggressive behaviours, (2) not...