We develop a mathematical model describing dyke propagation in proximity of an elastic discontinuity the embedding medium. The is modelled as fluid-filled crack plane strain configuration employing boundary element method. pressure gradient along assumed proportional to difference between densities host rock and fluid. Mass conservation imposed during fluid compressibility taken into account. path followed by found maximizing total energy release, given sum gravitational contributions....

Flank instability and lateral collapse are recurrent processes during the structural evolution of volcanic edifices, they affect affected by magmatic activity. It is known that dyke intrusions have potential to destabilise flanks a volcano, collapses may change style volcanism arrangement shallow dykes. However, effect large on location new eruptive centre remains unclear. Here, we use numerical approach simulate pathways underneath edifice, after stress redistribution resulting from...

Tectonic earthquake swarms challenge our understanding of processes since it is difficult to link observations the underlying physical mechanisms and assess hazard they pose.Transient forcing thought initiate drive spatio-temporal release energy during swarms.The nature transient may vary across sequences range from aseismic creeping or slip diffusion pore pressure pulses fluid redistribution migration within seismogenic crust.Distinguishing between such be critical reduce epistemic...

On 2012 May 20 and 29, two damaging earthquakes with magnitudes Mw 6.1 5.9, respectively, struck the Emilia-Romagna region in sedimentary Po Plain, Northern Italy, causing 26 fatalities, significant damage to historical buildings substantial impact economy of region. The earthquake sequence included four more aftershocks ≥ 5.0, all at shallow depths (about 7–9 km), similar WNW–ESE striking reverse mechanism. timeline suggests static stress interaction between largest events. We perform here...

Abstract We developed a hybrid numerical model of dike propagation in two dimensions solving both for the magma trajectory and velocity as function source overpressure, physical properties (density viscosity), crustal density stress field. This is used to characterize influence surface load changes on migration toward surface. confirm that loading induced by volcanic edifice construction tends attract reduce its velocity. In contrast, unloading, instance, due caldera formation, divert...

Abstract Understanding shallow magma transfer and the related vent distribution is crucial for volcanic hazard. Here we investigate how stress induced by topographic scarps linked to normal faults affects of monogenic volcanoes at divergent plate boundaries. Our numerical models dyke propagation below a fault scarp show that dykes tend propagate toward erupt on footwall side. This effect, increasing with height, stronger propagating underneath hanging wall side decreases distance from scarp....

Abstract Active calderas are seldom associated with circumferential eruptive fissures, but eroded magmatic complexes reveal widespread dikes. This suggests that, while the conditions to emplace dikes easily met, mechanisms must prevent them from reaching surface. We explain this discrepancy experiments of air injection into gelatin shaped as a volcano caldera. Analog show variable deflection, depending on competition between overpressure, P e , and topographic unloading, l ; when / =...

Calderas often experience prolonged periods of unrest that are challenging to attribute magmatic or hydrothermal origins, making it critical develop a clear picture these dynamics. The Campi Flegrei caldera (CFc), in southern Italy, is striking example. Since 2005, the has been undergoing its most recent phase unrest, marked by increased ground uplift, seismicity and activity, nature which remains under debate. Understanding past ongoing behaviour this volcanic system far from trivial, yet...

Abstract Calderas often experience extended periods of unrest that are challenging to relate a magmatic or hydrothermal origin, making it crucial assemble clear picture these dynamics. Since 2005, Campi Flegrei caldera (Italy) has experienced accelerating ground uplift, seismicity rates, and degassing. Here we conduct petrological 4D X‐ray microtomography investigations on cored rocks from ∼3 km deep geothermal well located near the center caldera, complemented by 3D high‐resolution seismic...

Abstract On Venus, radar observations of the surface have highlighted two categories craters: bright‐floored, interpreted as pristine, and dark‐floored, being partially filled by lava. While volcanic resurfacing occurs within outside craters in plains, it seems mainly concentrated interior dark‐floored crustal plateaus, suggesting that magma is negatively buoyant there. Indeed, crater unloading may facilitate vertical ascent a decompressing underlying crust. However, topography also...

Abstract Mixed‐mode fluid‐filled cracks represent a common means of fluid transport within the Earth's crust. They often show complex propagation paths which may be due to interaction with crustal heterogeneities or heterogeneous stress. Previous experimental and numerical studies focus on interplay between overpressure external stress but neglect effect other crack parameters. In this study, we address role length in presence an field. We make use simulations magmatic dike hydrofracture...

Abstract Continued post-collapse volcanic activity can cause the rise of a new edifice. However, details such edifice rebirth have not been documented yet. Here, we present 7-decade-long photogrammetric data for Bezymianny volcano, Kamchatka, showing its evolution after 1956 sector collapse. Edifice started with two lava domes originating at distinct vents ~400 m apart. After 2 decades, became more effusive migrating within ~200 distance. 5 focused on single vent to develop stratocone summit...

It has been posited that the 1975–1984 Krafla rifting episode in northern Iceland was responsible for a significant drop rate of earthquakes along Húsavík‐Flatey Fault (HFF), transform fault had previously source several magnitude 6–7 earthquakes. This compelling case existence stress shadow never studied detail, and implications such remain an open question. According to rate‐state models, intense shadows cause tens years low seismicity followed by faster recovery phase increase. Here, we...

Abstract Dykes are magma‐filled fractures propagating through the brittle crust. Understanding physics of dyking process is essential to mitigate volcanic hazard associated with opening new eruptive fissures at surface. Often, physics‐based models view either fracturing host rock or viscous flow magma as dominating energy sink during dyke propagation. Here, we provide a numerical model that captures coupling crack tip and transport fluid. Built boundary element technique, our allows for...

This study investigates the dynamics of magmatic intrusions based on joint analysis analog and numerical models. By injecting different fluids from bottom a solidified gelatin block, we simulate propagation through crust record their shapes, trajectories, velocity as they rise towards surface. Additionally, make use 2D fluid-filled crack model constrained by our experimental observations. The simulations demonstrate that viscous experiments, conducted with silicon-oil injections, propagate...