To explore the extent to which national policies guaranteeing breastfeeding breaks working women may facilitate breastfeeding.

The marriage of children below 18 is widely recognized in international human rights agreements as a discriminatory global practice that hinders the development and well-being hundreds millions girls. Using new policy database, we analyze national legislation regarding minimum age, exceptions permitting at earlier ages, gender disparities laws. While our longitudinal data indicate improvements frequencies countries with legal provisions prohibit age 18, important gaps remain eliminating...

This article assesses the status and evolution of education rights in 191 constitutions analyzes their relationship to educational policies enrolment rates. As 2011, 81% protected primary universally 53% designated it as free. A minority granted secondary (37%) higher (35%) or explicitly specific groups. Constitutions adopted after 1990, which belong predominantly low- middle-income countries, were more likely protect rights. Countries that constitutionally free have corresponding national...

United Nations (UN) member states have universally recognised the right to health in international agreements, but protection of this at national level remains incomplete. This article examines and scope constitutional specific rights public medical care, as well broad health. We analysed constitutions 191 UN countries 2007 2011. examined how protections varied across year adoption; income group region; for vulnerable groups within each country. A minority guaranteed (14%), care (38%)...

Well-designed paid sick leave is critical to ensure workers stay home when prevent the spread of SARS-CoV-2 and other infectious pathogens, both economy open during an economic shutdown. To assess whether available in countries around world, we created analysed a database legislative guarantees for personal illness 193 UN member states. Original labour social security legislation global information on systems each country were obtained by multilingual research team using common coding...

Objectives. Operating at a societal level, public policy is often one of our best approaches to addressing social determinants health (SDH). Yet, limited data availability has constrained past research on how national choices affect outcomes. We developed new infrastructure illustrate globally comparative labor might be used examine the impact health. Methods. multivariate ordinary least squares regression models relationship between duration paid maternal leave and neonatal, infant, child...

Mothers who work away from home tend to stop breastfeeding earlier than their nonworking counterparts due workplace barriers. Barriers discriminate against women and may lead inequities in children's health outcomes. Guaranteeing paid breaks at is 1 mechanism that can improve mothers' opportunity breastfeed the workplace.This study aimed assess trends share of countries guaranteeing maternal leave lasts until infant 6 months old (the World Health Organization recommended duration for...

Abstract The availability of paid family leave has been widely researched in the context a two-parent household with one mother and father, yet few studies have explored whether households same-sex parents access to equal benefits. Expanding on previous cross-country comparisons parental policies, this study examines policies 34 OECD countries compare total duration available different-sex parent families within country. We find that female couples receive durations majority countries....

Research has demonstrated that paid sick leave reduces the spread of COVID-19 and other infectious diseases improves preventive care access to treatment across a wide range conditions. However, US no national policy, even unpaid via Family Medical Leave Act (FMLA) 1993—often viewed as foundation for new legislation—is often inaccessible workers. We analyzed data from nationally representative survey determine extent which specific FMLA features produce gaps disparities in access. then used...

Background: Staying home when sick is essential to reducing the spread of COVID-19 and other infectious diseases. Well-designed paid leave critical ensuring workers stay both economy open during economic shutdown.Methods: Legislative guarantees were assessed across 193 countries determine extent which guaranteed adequate respond threats COVID-19. Legislation was for availability from first day illness, duration leave, whether it ensured wage replacement, how provided, coverage extended in...

Gender inequality in infant caregiving contributes to gender paid work, especially since workers often become parents during pivotal career stages. Whether women and men have equal access leave for care can meaningfully shape patterns of ways that long-term economic impacts. We used a longitudinal database policies 193 countries examine how the availability each parent, duration reserved existence any incentives encourage equity leave-taking changed globally from 1995 2022. find share...

Abstract Context: Paid leave for serious personal and family illnesses can significantly improve health outcomes. With no federal paid medical (PFML) policy, states are increasingly adopting their own. Yet eligibility criteria job protection, alongside benefit adequacy, vary markedly across states, affecting coverage equity. Methods: We developed a database of state-level policies to systematically analyze each state's protection. applied the policy database's detailed employment data from...

Abstract Background Approximately 164 million women report an unmet need for family planning globally. This has far-reaching consequences the health of and their children. Women’s exposure to intimate partner violence (IPV) is strongly linked increased as IPV likely affects both women’s desire contraception ability access it. Around 245 were subject physical and/or sexual by in past twelve months alone, making it most common form against women. Yet, laws that prohibit domestic (DV) are not...

There is recognition that social protection policies such as raising the minimum wage can favourably impact health, but little evidence links increases to child health outcomes. We used multi-year data (2003-2012) on national wages linked individual-level from Demographic and Health Surveys (DHS) 23 low- middle-income countries (LMICs) had least two DHS surveys establish pre- post-observation periods. Over a post-interval ranging 4 8 years, we examined growth four nutritional status outcomes...

Eliminating sexual harassment at work has an important role to play in accelerating progress toward gender equality the economy. This study examines how 192 countries' laws address workplace and measures pace of change adopting new legislation over past five years since #MeToo movement, during which global momentum increased. The analysis finds that additional 13 countries now prohibit harassment. Yet 22 per cent high-income, 26 middle-income, 34 low-income countries, remains legal. Closing...

In countries around the world, constitutional protections of women's rights have provided a legal foundation to combat discriminatory laws, customs, and actions catalyst for advances in gender equality. This article draws on newly available data from 191 analyze across spheres general equality nondiscrimination, political participation, social economic rights, family life, customary religious law. We examined how gender-specific universal differed according constitution's year adoption last...

Objective: Parental leave and breastfeeding breaks influence the ability to initiate continue breastfeeding. We investigated how eligibility criteria in Family Medical Leave Act (FMLA) Affordable Care (ACA) affect access unpaid parental assessed affordability alternative policy models. Methods: used family income data assess of by race ethnicity. 2017-2018 US Current Population Survey determine percentage private sector workers aged 18-44 years who met minimum hour (1250 hours work during a...

Women and workers over 50 disproportionately provide care for aging family members worldwide, including the 101 million who are care-dependent. Paid leave adult health needs, which temporarily replaces employment income providing care, can critically support both caregivers' economic outcomes recipients' wellbeing. We created quantitatively comparable data on paid policies that be used to meet members' needs in all United Nations member states. Globally, 112 countries fail any serious of an...

Purpose While only one aspect of fulfilling equal rights, effectively addressing workplace discrimination is integral to creating economies, and countries, that allow for everyone's full participation. Design/methodology/approach Labor, anti-discrimination, other relevant pieces legislation were identified through the International Labor Organization's NATLEX database, supplemented with country websites. For each country, two researchers independently coded answered questions about key...