Abstract The identification of genetically homogeneous groups individuals is a long standing issue in population genetics. A recent Bayesian algorithm implemented the software structure allows such groups. However, ability this to detect true number clusters ( K ) sample when patterns dispersal among populations are not has been tested. goal study carry out tests, using various scenarios from data generated with an individual‐based model. We found that most cases estimated ‘log probability...

Abstract The package hierfstat for the statistical software r , created by R Development Core Team, allows estimate of hierarchical F ‐statistics from a hierarchy with any numbers levels. In addition, it testing significance population differentiation these different levels, using generalized likelihood‐ratio test. is available at http://www.unil.ch/popgen/softwares/hierfstat.htm .

We examine the power of different exact tests differentiation for diploid populations. Since there is not necessarily random mating within populations, appropriate hypothesis to construct that independent sampling genotypes. There are two categories tests, FST-estimator and goodness fit tests. In this latter category, we distinguish “allelic statistics”, which account nature alleles genotypes, from “genotypic statistics” do not. show allelic similar when balanced, higher than genotypic When...

Abstract Understanding why dispersal is sex‐biased in many taxa still a major concern evolutionary ecology. Dispersal tends to be male‐biased mammals and female‐biased birds, but counter‐examples exist little known about sex bias other taxa. Obtaining accurate measures of the field remains problem. Here we describe compare several methods for detecting using bi‐parentally inherited, codominant genetic markers. If gene flow restricted among populations, then genotype an individual tells...

The fire ant Solenopsis invicta is a significant pest that was inadvertently introduced into the southern United States almost century ago and more recently California other regions of world. An assessment genetic variation at diverse set molecular markers in 2144 colonies from 75 geographic sites worldwide revealed least nine separate introductions S. have occurred newly invaded areas main U.S. population probably source all but one these introductions. sole exception involves putative...

Abstract Genotypic frequencies at codominant marker loci in population samples convey information on mating systems. A classical way to extract this is measure heterozygote deficiencies ( F IS ) and obtain the selfing rate s from = /(2 − ), assuming inbreeding equilibrium. major drawback that are often present without selfing, owing largely technical artefacts such as null alleles or partial dominance. We show here that, absence of gametic disequilibrium, multilocus structure can be used...

Plant interactions with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi have long attracted interest for their potential to promote more efficient use of mineral resources in agriculture. Their use, however, remains limited by a lack understanding the processes that determine outcome symbiosis. In this study, impact host genotype on growth response inoculation was investigated panel diverse maize lines. A 30 lines evaluated and without fungi. The line Oh43 identified show superior and, along five other...

Many population genetic activities, ranging from evolutionary studies to association mapping, forensic identification, rely on appropriate estimates of structure or relatedness. All applications require recognition that quantities with an underlying meaning allelic dependence are not defined in absolute sense, but instead made "relative to" some set alleles other than the target set. The 1984 Weir and Cockerham [Formula: see text] estimate explicit reference was across populations, whereas...

Clines in chromosomal inversion polymorphisms-presumably driven by climatic gradients-are common but there is surprisingly little evidence for selection acting on them. Here we address this long-standing issue Drosophila melanogaster using diagnostic single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) markers to estimate frequencies from 28 whole-genome Pool-seq samples collected 10 populations along the North American east coast. Inversions In(3L)P, In(3R)Mo, and In(3R)Payne showed clear latitudinal...

We investigated dispersal patterns in the monogamous Crocidura russula, based both on direct field observations (mark-recapture data) and genetic analyses (microsatellite loci). Natal was found to be low. Most juveniles settled within their natal territory or one immediately adjacent. Migration rate estimated two individuals per year population. The correlation between geographical distances over a 16 km transect implies that migration occurs short ranges. restricted first-litter weaned...

Abstract Ten microsatellite loci and a partial sequence of the COII mitochondrial gene were used to investigate genetic differentiation in B. terrestris , bumble bee interest for its high‐value crop pollination. The analysis included eight populations from European continent, five Mediterranean islands (six subspecies altogether) one Tenerife (initially described as colour form but recently considered separate species, canariensis ). Eight 10 displayed high levels polymorphism most...

We studied the noctule bat (Nyctalus noctula), in which mitochondrial FST is about 10 times that revealed by nuclear markers, to address two questions. first verified whether random dispersal of one sex compatible with highly contrasted and population structures. Using computer simulations, we then assessed power multilocus differentiation tests when expected structure departs only slightly from panmixia. an island model sex-specific demographic parameters, found male consistent observed...

It has been long recognized that highly polymorphic genetic markers can lead to underestimation of divergence between populations when migration is low. Microsatellite loci, which are characterized by extremely high mutation rates, particularly likely be affected. Here, we report differentiation estimates in a contact zone two chromosome races the common shrew (Sorex araneus), based on 10 autosomal microsatellites, newly developed Y-chromosome microsatellite, and mitochondrial DNA. These...

Abstract Microsatellite loci mutate at an extremely high rate and are generally thought to evolve through a stepwise mutation model. Several differentiation statistics taking into account the particular scheme of microsatellite have been proposed. The most commonly used is , which independent under generalized reported in literature, but often differ widely. Here we compare their statistical performances using individual‐based simulations finite island were run different levels gene flow,...

Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) are ecologically important root symbionts of most terrestrial plants. Ecological studies AMF have concentrated on differences between species; largely assuming little variability within species. Although clonal, they evolved to contain a surprisingly high within-species genetic variability, and genetically different nuclei can coexist individual spores. These traits could potentially lead within-population variation, causing in physiology symbiotic function...

Abstract Next-generation sequencing (NGS) technologies have become the standard for data generation in studies of population genomics, as 1000 Genomes Project (1000G). However, these techniques are known to be problematic when applied highly polymorphic genomic regions, such human leukocyte antigen (HLA) genes. Because accurate genotype calls and allele frequency estimations crucial genomics analyses, it is important assess reliability NGS data. Here, we evaluate estimates single-nucleotide...

Studying patterns of species distributions along elevation gradients is frequently used to identify the primary factors that determine distribution, diversity and assembly species. However, despite their crucial role in ecosystem functioning, our understanding distribution below-ground fungi still limited, calling for more comprehensive studies fungal biogeography environmental at various scales (from regional global). Here, we investigated richness taxa soil phylogenetic across a wide range...

Abstract The concept of kinship permeates many domains fundamental and applied biology ranging from social evolution to conservation science quantitative human genetics. Until recently, pedigrees were the gold standard infer kinship, but advent next‐generation sequencing availability dense genetic markers in species make it a good time (re)evaluate usefulness this context. Using three published data sets where both are available, we evaluate two common new estimator kinship. We show...

Local adaptation provides an opportunity to study the genetic basis of and investigate allelic architecture adaptive genes. We delay germination 1 (DOG1), a gene controlling natural variation in seed dormancy Arabidopsis thaliana evolution 41 populations distributed four regions separated by barriers. Using F(ST) Q(ST) comparisons, we compare at DOG1 with neutral markers quantitative dormancy. Patterns differentiation among suggest that contributes local adaptation. Although for is not...

Silene dioica is a diploid, dioecious, perennial, insect-pollinated herb and part of the deciduous phase primary succession in Skeppsvik Archipelago, Gulf Bothnia, Sweden. These islands are composed material deposited left underwater by melting ice at end last age. A rapid relatively constant rate land uplift 0.9 cm per year continually creates new available for colonization plants. Because higher deposits appear first, differ it possible to estimate ages populations plant species belonging...