Simple, reliable tools are needed by land managers to quantify establishment success when seeding or re-seeding pastures rangeland.A frequency grid was designed measure seedling plant for a single species, mixtures of species mixture.The is metal frame containing 25 squares (5 x 5) cells and can be made from concrete reinforcing sheets that have 15 cm squares.When used, the either randomly systematically placed within seeded area.The number 1 more plants counted.The then flipped,...

Invasive plants reduce the capacity of ecosystems to provide goods and services required by society, alter ecological processes, can displace desirable species.They wildlife habitat quality, riparian area integrity, rangeland economic value, enterprise net returns.The invasion process is regulated characteristics invading plant community being invaded.The presence spread invasive often symptomatic underlying management problems that must be corrected before acceptable, long-term improvement...

The productivity and native species diversity of Great Plains grasslands have been substantially reduced by past management that facilitated the establishment invasive exotic weeds displacement species. Management strategies are needed to rapidly restore productive capacity biological these degraded grasslands. Critically important phases grassland restoration process reintroduction Weed interference is primary constraint successful plants. goal our research develop use multiple...

DNA-based molecular markers may provide information about introduced weedy species that would be useful in biological weed control efforts. Chloroplast DNA restriction fragment length polymorphisms (cpDNA RFLP) and random amplified polymorphic (RAPD) analysis are two marker techniques can estimates of genetic variation native populations species. Profiles provided by these could furnish the necessary to determine geographic origins evidence for multiple introductions. Although not...

Summary. Blastocysts isolated from sheep (Day 14–16), pigs 16) and cows 19) during the pre-attachment elongation phase were cultured for up to 30 h in a modified MEM medium presence of radioactive amino acids (l-[14C]leucine or l-[35S]methionine) label protein d-[3H]glucosamine complex saccharides. All blastocysts released considerable quantities non-dialysable material into at an approximately linear rate over course incubation. Ion-exchange chromatography on DEAE cellulose pH 8·2 revealed...

Canada thistle is a serious weed of many crop, rangeland, pasture, and natural areas throughout North America. Aminopyralid new pyridine carboxylic acid herbicide that has activity on at lower use rates than current standard treatments. The objectives this study were to compare aminopyralid efficacy, rates, application timing with several commercial standards for control. Studies conducted across the Great Plains ten locations, which encompassed wide range environments. provided control...

Abstract Auxinic herbicides, such as 2,4-D and dicamba, that act plant growth regulators are commonly used for broadleaf weed control in cereal crops (e.g., wheat, barley), grasslands, noncroplands. If applied at late stages, while cereals developing reproductive parts, the herbicides can reduce seed production. We tested whether have this same effect on invasive annual grass Japanese brome. The 2,4-D, picloram were typical field use rates to brome various stages a greenhouse. Picloram...

Abstract Herbicide active ingredients, formulation type, ambient temperature, and humidity can influence volatility. A method was developed using volatility chambers to compare relative of different synthetic auxin herbicide formulations in controlled environments. 2,4-D or dicamba acid vapors emanating after application were captured air-sampling tubes at 24, 48, 72, 96 h application. The extracted from sample quantified liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry. Volatility...

Legumes are important components of grassland communities in North America and have potential to improve productivity diversity. Weeds can interfere with the establishment legumes increase probability stand failure. Four experiments were conducted from 1994 1997 determine if imidazolinone herbicides imazethapyr [2‐[4,5‐dihydro‐4‐methyl‐4‐(1‐methylethyl)‐5‐oxo‐1 H ‐imidazol‐2‐yl]‐5‐ethyl‐3‐pyridinecarboxylic acid] imazapic [(±)‐2‐[4,5‐dihydro‐4‐methyl‐4‐(1‐methylethyl)‐5‐oxo‐1...

Eastern redcedar (Juniperus virginiuna L.) is reducing grassland productivity across much of the Great Plains.Control methods include broadcast prescribed fire, herbicides, cutting, and individual tree ignition.All have disadvantages when used alone.Fire can be ineffective against larger trees.Intensive too expensive for low-productivity grasslands.The objectives thii research were to determine effects fire alone as measured at 3 weeks after fw; compare picloram herbicide application with or...

Weeds interfere with establishment of native grasses and legumes. A study was conducted to determine the influence imazapic 1 [(±)‐2‐[4,5‐dihydro‐4‐methyl‐4‐(1‐methylethyl)‐5‐oxo‐1 H ‐imidazol‐2‐yl]‐5‐methyl‐3‐pyridinecarboxylic acid] imazethapyr [2‐[4,5‐dihydro‐4‐methyl‐4‐(1‐methylethyl)‐5‐oxo‐1 ‐imidazol‐2‐yl]5‐ethyl‐3‐pyridinecarboxylic on weed control ‘Pawnee’ big bluestem ( Andropogon gerardii Vitman var. Vitman) Illinois bundleflower [ Desmanthus illinoensis (Michx.) MacMill.] planted...

Native wildflowers are important components of grassland communities and low-maintenance wildflower seed mixtures. Weed interference limits successful establishment native from seed. Experiments were conducted to determine the influence imidazolinone herbicides imazethapyr, imazapic, imazaquin on blackeyed susan ( Rudbeckia hirta L.), upright prairieconeflower [ Ratibida columnifera (Nutt) Woot. Standl.], spiked liatris Liatris spicata (L.) Willd.], blanket flower Gaillardia aristata...

Levels of inter- and intrapopulation genetic variation were determined in five North American populations leafy spurge using chloroplast DNA (cpDNA) RFLPs RAPD markers. Thirteen plastome types identified among 123 individuals collected from geographically separated populations. Number plastomes within a population ranged one to seven, with four the having predominate type plus or more rarer types. Some shared by populations, but distribution was nonrandom. markers indicated greatest...

Two big bluestem ( Andropogon gerardii Vitman) strains (Pawnee C3 and Kaw C3) developed by three breeding cycles for increased forage yield in vitro dry matter digestibility (IVDMD) were compared with the base populations of ‘Pawnee’ ‘Kaw’ a 3‐yr grazing trial. Pastures seeded May 1998 near Mead, NE. Experimental units 0.4‐ha pastures each strain or cultivar randomized complete block design. burned fertilized ammonium nitrate at 112 kg N ha −1 spring 2000, 2001, 2002 before grazing. Each...

Degradation of Great Plains rangelands can be linked to past management practices that reduced native species diversity and accelerated establishment expansion exotic weeds less desirable species. Leafy spurge is an perennial weed infests more than 1 million ha in the northern reduces rangeland carrying capacity by competing with forages causing infested areas undesirable cattle wildlife. Research was conducted determine feasibility using herbicides suppress leafy other resident vegetation,...

Tallgrass prairies provide an important source of hay and summer forage in eastern Nebraska.A study was conducted 1989 1990 on 2 late seral tallgrass near Lincoln Virginia, Nebraska to determine if production selected components prairie communities could be altered by burning (not burned, or burned either early, mid-, spring) applying fertilizer (0 67-23 kg N-P ha-') atraxine [6chloro-N-ethyl-N'-(l-methylethyl)-1,3,5-triazine-2,4-diamine] 2.2 a.i.ha-').Vegetation harvested the year...

Abstract The grazing season in the central and northern Great Plains could be extended by use of adapted cool‐season grass pastures for spring fall to augment native warm‐season range. A trial was conducted evaluate forage quality four intermediate wheatgrass [ Thinopyrum intermedium (Host) Barkw. & D.R. Dewey] populations forage‐livestock systems. cultivars Slate Oahe two selected improved IVDMD, ‘Manska’ NE TI 1, were evaluated. Each population seeded 1987 three replicated 0.4‐ha...

Abstract In the central Great Plains, crested wheatgrasses [ Agropyron cristatum (L.) Gaetner and A. desertorium (Fischer ex Link) Schultes] are best utilized for early spring late fall grazing. The principal objective of this study was to determine if beef ( Bos taurus L.) yearlings grazing ‘Ruff’ ) during season had higher average daily gains per hectare than cattle ‘Nordan’ desertorum ). These cultivars were evaluated in trials (four replications) eastern Nebraska 1985, 1986, 1987. 0.8‐ha...

Tallgrass prairies are an important forage resource in the eastern Central Great Plains.The effect of spring burning, fertilization, and atrazhre [6-chloro-N-ethyl-N'-(l-methylethyl)-l,3,5-triazhre-2,4diamine] on standing crop selected herbaceous species categories vegetation was determined 6 tallgrass prairie environments located near Lincoln Virginta, Neb., from 1987 through 1989 1 site Bloomfleid, 1987.The grasslands were good to excellent condition at time these studies...

Laboratory experiments were conducted to identify adjuvants that improve absorption of imazethapyr, 2,4-D amine, and picloram by leafy spurge. Adjuvants (0.25% v/v) included crop oil concentrate (COC), methylated seed (MSO), nonionic surfactant (NIS), organosilicones (Silwet L-77®, Sylgard® 309, Silwet® 408), 3:1 mixtures acetylinic diol ethoxylates (ADE40, ADE65, ADE85) with Silwet L-77, ammonium sulfate (2.5 kg ha −1 ), 28% urea nitrate (UAN, 2.5% v/v). combined 14 C-herbicide commercially...