The brain maintains internal models of its environment to interpret sensory inputs and prepare actions. Although behavioral studies have demonstrated that these are optimally adapted the statistics environment, neural underpinning this adaptation is unknown. Using a Bayesian model cortical processing, we related stimulus-evoked spontaneous activities inferences prior expectations in an predicted they should match if statistically optimal. To test prediction, analyzed visual activity awake...

Three experiments investigated the ability of human observers to extract joint and conditional probabilities shape cooccurrences during passive viewing complex visual scenes. Results indicated that statistical learning conjunctions was both rapid automatic, as subjects were not instructed attend any particular features displays. Moreover, in addition single-shape frequency, acquired parallel several different higher-order aspects structure displays, including absolute shape-position...

The ability of humans to recognize a nearly unlimited number unique visual objects must be based on robust and efficient learning mechanism that extracts complex features from the environment. To determine whether statistically optimal representations scenes are formed during early development, we used habituation paradigm with 9-month-old infants found that, by mere observation multielement scenes, they become sensitive underlying statistical structure those scenes. After exposure large...

In 3 experiments, the authors investigated ability of observers to extract probabilities successive shape co-occurrences during passive viewing. Participants became sensitive several temporal-order statistics, both rapidly and with no overt task or explicit instructions. Sequences shapes presented familiarization were distinguished from novel sequences familiar shapes, as well that seen but less frequently than other sequences, demonstrating at least extraction joint 2 consecutive shapes....

Abstract Implicit skill learning underlies obtaining not only motor, but also cognitive and social skills through the life of an individual. Yet, ontogenetic changes in humans’ implicit abilities have yet been characterized, and, thus, their role acquiring new knowledge efficiently during development is unknown. We investigated such across lifespan, between 4 85 years age with probabilistic sequence task, we found that difference implicitly high‐ vs. low‐probability events – measured by raw...

Efficient and versatile processing of any hierarchically structured information requires a learning mechanism that combines lower-level features into higher-level chunks. We investigated this chunking in humans with visual pattern-learning paradigm. developed an ideal learner based on Bayesian model comparison extracts stores only those chunks are minimally sufficient to encode set scenes. Our chunk not reproduced the results large previous empirical findings domain human pattern but also...

The authors investigated how human adults encode and remember parts of multielement scenes composed recursively embedded visual shape combinations. found that combinations are larger configurations less well remembered than the same kind not embedded. Combined with basic mechanisms statistical learning, this embeddedness constraint enables development complex new features for acquiring internal representations efficiently without being computationally intractable. resulting also wholes by...

It has been reported recently that while general sequence learning across ages conforms to the typical inverted-U shape pattern, with best performance in early adulthood, surprisingly, basic ability of picking up an implicit manner triplets occur high vs. low probability is before 12 years age and it significantly weakens afterwards. Based on these findings, hypothesized cognitively controlled processes coming online at around are useful for more targeted explicit cost becoming relatively...

Transfer learning, the re-application of previously learned higher-level regularities to novel input, is a key challenge in cognition. While previous empirical studies investigated human transfer learning supervised or reinforcement for explicit knowledge, it unknown whether such occurs during naturally more common implicit and unsupervised and, if so, how related memory consolidation. We compared newly acquired abstract knowledge by extending visual statistical paradigm context. found but...

Humans use distance information to scale the size of objects. Earlier studies demonstrated changes in neural response as a function gaze direction and dorsal visual cortical pathway parietal cortex. These findings have been interpreted evidence pathway's role spatial representation. Here, distance-dependent were also found be common neurons ventral leading inferotemporal cortex monkeys. This result implies that necessary for object scaling is all areas.

Individuals with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) are often characterized as having social engagement and language deficiencies, but a sparing of visuospatial processing short-term memory (STM), some evidence supranormal levels performance in these domains. The present study expanded on this by investigating the observational learning concepts from patterns covariation across multiple exemplars.Child adult participants ASD, age-matched control participants, viewed multishape arrays composed...

We have studied some of the design trade-offs governing visual representations based on spatially invariant conjunctive feature detectors, with an emphasis susceptibility such systems to false-positive recognition errors—Malsburg's classical binding problem. begin by deriving analytical model that makes explicit how performance is affected number objects must be distinguished, features included in representation, complexity individual objects, and clutter load, is, amount material field view...

Abstract Several studies report a right hemisphere advantage for visuospatial integration and left inferring conceptual knowledge from patterns of covariation. The present study examined hemispheric asymmetry in the implicit learning new visual feature combinations. A split-brain patient normal control participants viewed multishape scenes presented either or fields. Unbeknownst to participants, were composed random combination fixed pairs shapes. Subsequent testing found that could...

Abstract Although objects are the fundamental units of our representation interpreting environment around us, it is still not clear how we handle and organize incoming sensory information to form object representations. By utilizing previously well-documented advantages within-object over across-object processing, here test whether learning involuntarily consistent visual statistical properties stimuli that free any traditional segmentation cues might be sufficient create object-like...

Natural vision involves sequential eye movements that bring the fovea to locations selected by peripheral vision. How visual field loss (PVFL) affects this process is not well understood. We examine how location and extent of PVFL movement behavior in a naturalistic search task. Ten patients with thirteen normally sighted subjects full fields (FVF) completed 30 searches monocularly. Subjects located 4 x degree target, pseudo-randomly within 26 11 natural image. Eye positions were recorded at...