A repetitive laser giant pulse photometer is described which can resolve absorption changes of 0.1% in the time range 10 ns. With this instrument following results have been obtained. The rise field indicating change photosynthesis has measured at 515 nm. upper limit half risetime about 20 This means that formation takes place within by a light induced transfer electrons across thylakoid membrane.

The use of flow splitters between the two dimensions in online comprehensive two-dimensional (2D) liquid chromatography (LC × LC) has not received very much attention, comparison with their 2D gas (GC GC), where they are quite common. In principle, splitting after first dimension column and performing LC on this constant fraction effluent should allow to be optimized almost independently. When there is no splitting, any change first-dimension rate an immediate impact second dimension. With a...

Abstract Several colour‐difference formulas such as CMC, CIE94, and CIEDE2000 have been developed by modifying CIELAB. These give much better fits for experimental data based on small colour differences than does None of these has an associated uniform space (UCS). The need a UCS is demonstrated the widespread use a*b* diagram despite lack uniformity. This article describes development formulas, with same basic structure DIN99 formula, that predict sets do CMC CIE94 only slightly worse...

Varying magnitude of colour differences from threshold up to moderate size in painted sample pairs at five CIE centers was estimated by grey scale assessment. Painted samples were produced for constant step width along the main axes previously determined (x,y,Y)-ellipsoids with lightness variation (x,y)-chromaticity starting length and enlarging it times difference. Pairs formed linear extensions diagonal combinations equal between axes. The model under test assumes additive extension...

Abstract Recent results of research work on colour‐difference evaluation are reviewed in reports two CIE Technical Committees; however, a global solution the problem is still lacking. Therefore, guidelines for planning new included those reports. Here, these explained and extended to stimulate studies coordinated way, which could improve modeling evaluations industrial applications.

Abstract Following the CIE guidelines for coordinated research on color‐difference evaluation, a set of painted color samples was produced near green reference color. Visual experiments were carried out by two different methods, absolute threshold and pair comparison. Perceptibility ellipsoids at determined mathematical models groupings observers. The main findings are: insensitivity to method optimization, inhomogeneity total answers but homogeneity within ranked observer groups, change...

Abstract In four of the five CIE color regions, correlation perceptibility differences and colorimetric measures is studied for painted samples at threshold. Sample pairs resulting in three‐dimensional ranging from zero to just clearly perceptible were used. The variability color‐difference ellipsoids shown single observers observer groups. Randomisation mean results by a Monte‐Carlo method produces deviation that describe shells uncertainty inherent data. Interobserver inter‐group turns out...

Introduction of a sample into the separation column (microchip channel) in capillary zone electrophoresis electrophoresis) will cause disturbance originally uniform composition background electrolyte. The disturbance, system zone, can move some electrolyte systems along channel and, on reaching position detector, peak. As shown by linear theory electromigration based linearized continuity equations formulated matrix form, mobility zone--the eigenmobility--can be obtained as eigenvalue...

Abstract The DIN Color Chart rests on a development of more than 40 years. It belongs to group color order systems that attempt show equal distances in defined series. choice hue, saturation, and darkness degree as function relative luminance factor, the extended use colorimetry for interpolations extrapolations are characteristic elements this system. As results nature colorimetric definitions, several compromises give rise deviations series from purely psychological ordering. main aim is...

Background. Educational outreach visits, particularly when combined with social marketing, appear to be a promising approach modifying health professional behaviour, especially prescribing. Results from previous studies have shown varying effect.

Abstract Experiments on thresholds of perceptible color‐difference at CIE color centers have been extended for the parametric effects lightness an achromatic surround and a separating gap between pair painted specimens. Components perceived (hue, chroma, lightness) approximately could be assigned to geometric elements threshold ellipsoids used component analysis. A study ellipsoid city‐block modelling revealed slightly better. An increase total by changed was found only in case dark Blue,...

Objectives - To describe where patients in Danish general practice get information about health and disease, particularly how prepare for a visit to their GP, with special reference use of the Internet. Design Structured interviews. Setting Four practices. Patients 93 consecutive after visiting GP. Main outcome measures The patient's report Internet different mass media preparation consultation. Results Only two never looked information. Of all patients, 20% had used information, 8% because...

The aim of this study was to explore gender and coping in primary health care patients, by comparing self-assessed resources men women.Female male patients' were identified mean key questions, developed separately for women. Patients' answers audiotaped analyzed qualitatively. An explorative comparative analysis done. setting comprised two women GPs their consultations. subjects 37 consecutive female patients 39 aged 19-85 years.The indicated notable differences spite apparent similarities...

Abstract The proposed new color‐difference formula of CIE TC 129, which is a modified version CIELAB, was tested with recently published data set textile pass/fail judgments. Goodness fit improved, if the parameter lightness near 2, and if, additionally, weight function for defined that reduces difference level in relation to chroma or hue scaling. © 1994 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.