We introduce a cumulant expansion to parameterize possible initial conditions in relativistic heavy ion collisions. show that the converges and it can systematically reproduce results of Glauber type conditions. At third order gradient expansion, cumulants characterize triangularity $<r^3 \cos3(\phi - \psi_{3,3})>$ dipole asymmetry \cos(\phi- \psi_{1,3})>$ entropy distribution. for mid-peripheral collisions orientation angle $\psi_{1,3}$ has $20%$ preference out plane. This leads small net...

We study $J/\ensuremath{\psi}$ production at RHIC and LHC energies with both initial reached the BNL Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider (RHIC) CERN Large Hadron (LHC) regeneration. solve coupled set of transport equations for distribution in phase space hydrodynamic equation evolution quark-gluon plasma. At RHIC, continuous regeneration is crucial momentum while elliptic flow still dominated by production. energy, almost all initially created $J/\ensuremath{\psi}s$ are dissociated medium...

We show that the statistics of fluctuation-driven initial-state anisotropies in proton-proton, proton nucleus and nucleus-nucleus collisions is to a large extent universal. propose simple parametrization for probability distribution Fourier coefficient ${ϵ}_{n}$ harmonic $n$, which good agreement with Monte Carlo simulations. Our results provide explanation 4-particle cumulant triangular flow measured Pb-Pb elliptic recently $p\text{\ensuremath{-}}\mathrm{Pb}$ collisions. Both arise as...

Higher harmonics of anisotropic flow ($v_n$ with $n\ge 4$) in heavy-ion collisions can be measured either respect to their own plane, or a plane constructed using lower-order harmonics. We explain how such measurements are related event-plane correlations. show that CMS data on $v_4$ and $v_6$ compatible ATLAS If one assumes higher the superposition non-linear linear responses, then parts isolated under fairly general assumptions. By combining analyses $v_2$ $v_3$, eliminate uncertainty from...

We study the relation between elliptic flow, ${v}_{2}$, and initial eccentricity, ${\ensuremath{\varepsilon}}_{2}$, in heavy-ion collisions, using hydrodynamic simulations. Significant deviations from linear eccentricity scaling are seen more peripheral collisions. identify mechanism responsible for these as a cubic response, which we argue is generic property of response to density profile. The increases flow fluctuations, thereby improving agreement condition models with experimental data.

By solving a simple kinetic equation, in the relaxation time approximation, and for particular set of moments distribution function, we establish equations which, on one hand, capture exactly dynamics and, other coincide with hierarchy viscous hydrodynamics, to arbitrary order corrections. This correspondence sheds light underlying mechanism responsible apparent success hydrodynamics regimes that are far from local equilibrium.

High-energy heavy-ion collisions generate extremely strong magnetic field which plays a key role in number of novel quantum phenomena quark-gluon plasma (QGP), such as the chiral effect (CME). However, due to complexity theoretical modellings coupled electromagnetic fields and QGP system, especially pre-equilibrium stages, lifetime medium remains undetermined. We establish, for first time, kinetic framework study dynamical decay early stages weakly by solving Boltzmann Maxwell equations....

We have investigated the late-time asymptotic solutions, attractor, and focusing behavior of minimal causal spin hydrodynamics in Bjorken expansion. Using method dominant balance, we derive solutions evolution equation for density identify specific conditions necessary to exhibit a power-law decay. then analyze both early time attractors decay rate density. Additionally, report hydrodynamics, which has not been found conventional relativistic Our findings suggest that can be treated as...

Many real-world time series data exhibit complex patterns with trend, seasonality, outlier and noise. Robustly accurately decomposing these components would greatly facilitate tasks including anomaly detection, forecasting classification. RobustSTL is an effective seasonal-trend decomposition for complicated patterns. However, it cannot handle multiple seasonal properly. Also suffers from its high computational complexity, which limits usage in practice. In this paper, we extend to...

The momentum distribution of particle production in heavy-ion collisions encodes information about thermalization processes the early-stage quark-gluon plasma. We use kinetic theory to study far-from-equilibrium evolution an expanding plasma with anisotropic momentum-space distribution. identify slow and fast degrees freedom from moments this At late times, modes correspond hydrodynamic are naturally gapped by inverse relaxation time, <a:math xmlns:a="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"...

In this study, we employed, for the first time, Ce4+-chelated magnetic silica microspheres to selectively concentrate phosphopeptides from protein digest products. Cerium ions were chelated onto using strategy established before. After enrichment, phosphopeptide-conjugated separated sample solution just by a magnet. With optimized enrichment conditions, performance of was compared with Fe3+-chelated tryptic digested peptides originating ovalbumin, five mixture containing phosphoproteins and...

We use a nonlinear response formalism to describe the event plane correlations measured by ATLAS collaboration. With one exception ($\left\langle \cos(2\Psi_2 - 6\Psi_3 + 4 \Psi_4) \right\rangle$), are qualitatively reproduced considering linear and quadratic lowest cumulants. For harmonics such as $\left\langle \cos(2\Psi_2+3\Psi_3 5\Psi_5) \right\rangle$, quantitatively reproduced, even when naive Glauber model prediction has wrong sign relative experiment. The quantitative agreement for...

A hematite/amorphous sulfur composite was prepared via simple heating hematite and α-sulfur in Teflon-lined autoclave at low temperature. The characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), Raman spectrum, Thermal Gravity Analysis (TGA), Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM) photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). results revealed that an allotrope 5–37% weight percent found the composite. After sulfuration, Sn2- or S22- doped lattice of hematite, large amounts OH SO4 were adsorbed on surface hematite....

Using event-by-event hydrodynamic calculations, we find that the fluctuations of elliptic flow ($v_2$) in reaction plane have a negative skew. We compare skewness $v_2$ to initial eccentricity fluctuations. show is main effect lifting degeneracy between higher-order cumulants, with skew corresponding hierarchy $v_2\{4\}>v_2\{6\}$ observed Pb+Pb collisions at LHC. describe how can be measured experimentally and hydrodynamics naturally reproduces its magnitude centrality dependence.

The ALICE Collaboration has recently measured the correlations between amplitudes of anisotropic flow in different Fourier harmonics, referred to as symmetric cumulants. We derive approximate relations cumulants involving ${v}_{4}$ and ${v}_{5}$ event-plane by ATLAS Collaboration. validity these is tested using event-by-event hydrodynamic calculations. corresponding results are better agreement with data than existing predictions. make quantitative predictions for three which have not yet...

We propose a new scenario characterizing the transition of quark-gluon plasma (QGP) produced in heavy-ion collisions from highly non-equilibrium state at early times toward fluid described by hydrodynamics late times. develop an analogy to evolution quantum mechanical system that is governed instantaneous ground states. In simplest case, these slow modes are "pre-hydrodynamic" sense they initially distinct from, but evolve continuously into, hydrodynamic modes. For class collision integrals,...

We present an analytic solution of a simple set equations that govern the expansion boost-invariant plasmas massless particles. These describe, approximately, early time, collisionless regime, and transition to hydrodynamics at late time. Their mathematical structure encompasses all versions second order when applied Bjorken flows. The provides explicit expression for attractor connects regime hydrodynamics. It also constitutes neat example application theory resurgence in asymptotic series.

We estimate the production of electromagnetic radiation (real and virtual photons) from early, pre-equilibrium, stage relativistic heavy-ion collisions. The parton dynamics are obtained as a solution Boltzmann equation in Fokker-Planck diffusion limit. photon dilepton rates integrated yields compared with those standard sources available experimental data. Non-equilibrium spectra predicted for Pb+Pb at $\sqrt{s_{\rm NN}} = 5.02$ TeV.