A5003905809- Metal and Thin Film Mechanics
- Diamond and Carbon-based Materials Research
- Ion-surface interactions and analysis
- Politics and Conflicts in Afghanistan, Pakistan, and Middle East
- ZnO doping and properties
- Ga2O3 and related materials
- Human Rights and Development
- Atomic and Molecular Physics
- Laser-Plasma Interactions and Diagnostics
- High-pressure geophysics and materials
- Nanofluid Flow and Heat Transfer
- Copper-based nanomaterials and applications
- Boron and Carbon Nanomaterials Research
- Wireless Communication Security Techniques
- Asian Geopolitics and Ethnography
- International Maritime Law Issues
- Electronic and Structural Properties of Oxides
- Plasma Applications and Diagnostics
- International Relations and Foreign Policy
- Indian History and Philosophy
- Central Asia Education and Culture
- Differential Equations and Numerical Methods
- Political Conflict and Governance
- International Human Rights and Reproductive Law
- Mass Spectrometry Techniques and Applications
Quaid-i-Azam University
2014-2022
Government College University, Lahore
2002-2021
Nanyang Technological University
2021
National Research Institute of Cultural Heritage
2021
National Institute of Education
2014
Pakistan Institute of Engineering and Applied Sciences
2010
Crystalline zinc oxide (ZnO) thin films with highly preferential c-axis-oriented crystals were prepared using the reactive e-beam evaporation technique. Prior to deposition, ZnO targets from (99.999%) powder. Post-deposition thermal annealing was performed at various temperatures ranging 200 700 °C for 2 h in air investigate effect of on structural and optical properties. Structural characterization including that crystal structure, orientation, phase, stress, strain, grain size surface...
The room temperature nitriding of titanium is accomplished by utilizing nitrogen ion beams delivered a 2.3 kJ plasma focus discharge. Titanium samples are exposed to ions at different axial positions (3, 5, 7 and 9 cm from the focus) in order correlate their surface properties with beam parameters such as energy, number density, current density energy flux (energy deliverance per unit time volume). A BPX65 photodiode detector employed measure using flight technique. X-ray diffraction...
The right to free speech stands as a cornerstone of democratic societies. This paper aims assess the pivotal role freedom press in India, tracing its historical evolution from pre- post-independence and highlighting significance country's journey towards sovereignty. Through an analysis legislative interventions, milestones, contemporary challenges, sheds light on struggles triumphs Indian upholding values. Utilizing library-based research approach, supplemented by online sources, study...
Abstract Variable-order derivatives are the natural extension of ordinary as well fractional-order differentiations and integration, respectively. Numerous suggestions for fractional variable-order operators have been made in literature over time. Therefore, this is moment to shine a light on calculus, due fact that it accurately describes mathematical underpinnings emphasizing modeling utility via using contemporary numerical techniques. This study focuses investigating model lymphatic...
The carburizing of titanium (Ti) is accomplished by utilizing energetic ion pulses a 1.5 kJ Mather type dense plasma focus (DPF) device operated in methane discharge. X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis confirms the deposition polycrystalline carbide (TiC). samples carburized at lower axial and angular positions show an improved texture for typical (200)TiC plane. Williamson–Hall method employed to estimate average crystallite size microstrains Ti surface. Crystallite found vary from ∼ 50 100...
Nanocrystalline zirconium nitride/oxide "zirconium oxynitride" nanocomposite film is deposited on substrate by dense plasma focus device at room temperature. X-ray diffraction of irradiated samples reveals that different phases ( ZrN , Zr 3 N 4 and ZrO 2 ) nitride oxide are evolved. The crystallinity these depends axial positions as well ion energy flux. Scanning electron microscopy shows the more compact lower position, which due to higher Energy dispersive X-rays spectroscopy presence...
Abstract This article reports the co-deposition process of TiN0.9 and (Fe,Cr)2N compounds on SS-321 substrate using a 2.3 kJ dense plasma focus device operated with N2 discharges. X-ray diffraction analysis is performed to investigate ion-induced changes in near surface structure SS-321. Scanning electron microscopy energy dispersive spectroscopy carried out analyse morphology elemental composition nitrided samples. The results reveal that at low fluence ion bombardment, non-stoichiometric...
Aluminium (Al) samples were nitrided in 13.56 MHz radiofrequency (RF) discharge of 70:30 vol.% Ar:N2 mixture at substrate temperature 400 °C and RF power 300 W for different fill pressures treatment times. The then characterized their structural mechanical properties using x-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS), Vickers micro hardness testing. XRD peaks (110), (111) (200) aluminium nitride (AlN) downshift confirmed the formation...
The paper discuss that refugees present in host state has potential economic, social, political, security and environmental impacts create chaos conflicts the state. It examines Soviet invasion of Afghanistan resulted massive migration Afghan refugees, which broke out disastrous political on Pakistan. As a main recipient Pakistan placed more than three million had painful corollaries implications its society. project analyses, exodus is one causes terrorism, inflation, child labor, drugs...
ABSTRACT The dependence of vibrational distributions (VDs) N2(C, ν) state on argon fraction and filling pressure was investigated in terms integrated band intensities second positive system (C, ν′ → B, ν″) N2. temperature determined from slope the Boltzmann fit these VDs found to be strongly dependent discharge. spectroscopic results suggested that collisional transfer energy Ar (3P2,0) metastable atoms N2(X, ground is main excitation pathway for population state.