Significance Two different kinds of exploratory behavior, object and place, have been proposed. Their distinction has debated, however, because the lack solid experimental evidence to support their heterogeneity. In this report, we show neural for heterogeneity behaviors. Thus, demonstrate that T-type Ca 2+ channels in septo-hippocampal GABAergic pathway play a specific role control behavior novel objects. addition, type 2 but not 1 hippocampal theta rhythm is associated with exploration.

The objectives of this study were to develop a real-time tillage depth measurement system for agricultural tractor performance analysis and then validate these configured systems through soil non-penetration tests field experiment during plow tillage. was developed by using sensor fusion method, consisting linear potentiometer, inclinometer, optical distance measure the vertical penetration attached implement. In addition, draft force six-component load cells, an accuracy 98.9% verified...

This study aims to design, develop, and evaluate the traction performance of an electric all-wheel-drive (AWD) tractor based on power transmission systems. The system includes motor, helical gear reducer, planetary tires. consists a battery pack charging system. An engine-generator charger are installed supply energy in emergency situations. load measurement analog (current) digital (battery voltage rotational speed motor) components using controller area network (CAN) bus. A test AWD was...

This study was conducted to develop a simulation model of 120 kW class electric all-wheel-drive (AWD) tractor and verify the by comparing measurement results. The platform developed based on power transmission system, including batteries, motors, reducers, wheels, charging system composed generator, an AC/DC converter, chargers each axle. data installed platform, consisting analog (current) digital part (rotational speed motors voltage SOC (state charge) level batteries) CAN (controller area...

This study aims to develop and evaluate an automated manual transmission (AMT) for agricultural tractors with high efficiency convenience by using electric actuators. An AMT system control manual-type shuttle gearboxes transmissions is developed adding a shifting actuator, clutch conventional (MT). The actuator designed motor reduction gear. experimental tests are conducted the performance of AMT. results position demonstrate that controlled appropriately, achieving maximum overshoot less...

The purpose of this study was to analyze the tillage depth effect on tractor-moldboard plow systems in various soil environments and depths using a field load measurement system. A system can measure engine load, draft force, travel speed, wheel axle real-time. In addition, tests properties layer were preceded environments. presented results show that moldboard at same had wide range influences tractor’s working performance under As force due soil–tool interaction occurred 5.6–17.7 kN...

In order to optimize tractor design and efficiency during tillage operation, it is essential verify the impact through field tests on factors affecting load. The objectives of this study were investigate effect depth power transmission 42 kW agricultural moldboard plowing. A load measurement system a configured for tests. To analyze fuel consumption, data measured in three-repeated test classified according depth. As increased from 11 cm at top hardpan 23 deepest, required engine by...

This study is focused on the estimation of fuel consumption power-shift transmission (PST) tractor based PTO (power take-off) dynamometer test. The simulation model PST was developed using configurations and powertrain real tractor. installed to measure engine load at various levels (40, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90%), verify model. axle also predicted tractor’s specifications as an input parameter measured results were analyzed compared statistically. It observed that load, well consumption, directly...

As interest in eco-friendly work vehicles grows, research on the powertrains of tractors has increased, including development (tractors) using hydrogen fuel cell power packs and batteries. However, batteries require a long time to charge have short operating due their low energy efficiency compared with packs. Therefore, recent studies focused packs; however, there is lack powertrain performance analysis considering actual working conditions. To evaluate vehicle performance, an load...

In this paper, we proposed a new concept of BOP (beacon-only period) and relevant beacon scheduling mechanism that will avoid conflicts between MEU (mesh-enabled USN) devices all whom are transmitting their beacons. The for the makes overall network completely synchronized operate in stable manner. Moreover, synchronization based on allows to save power consumptions drastically.

This study was conducted to develop a proportional-integral-derivative (PID) control algorithm considering viscosity for the planting depth system of rice transplanter using various hydraulic oils at different temperatures and evaluate performance algorithm, compare PID without viscosity. In this study, simulation model were developed based on power flow (ERP60DS). The primary coefficients determined Ziegler-Nichols (Z-N) second method. Routh’s stability criteria applied optimize...

This study was conducted to analyze the effects of tillage depth and gear selection on mechanical load fuel efficiency an agricultural tractor during plow tillage. In order these effects, we developed field measuring system consisting a measurement part (wheel torque meter, proximity sensor, real-time kinematic (RTK) global positioning (GPS)) (linear potentiometer inclinometer). Field tests were carried out using moldboard plows with maximum 20 cm three selections (M2H, M3L, M3H) in rice...

Recently, sensor network technologies are being applied to more places such as intelligent home, offices and universities. Localization algorithms required for indoor wireless (WSN) applications because the identification of real positions can upgrade importance sensing information. In this paper, a network, where small-sized, low-cost low-rate sensors uniformly deployed in an WSN environment, is taken into account. We introduce efficient algorithms, termed multi-duolateration localization...

Highlights A prediction model was developed for estimating the axle torque of an agricultural tractor. The by complementing and modifying a previously proposed traction equation. Compared to actual torque, attained MAPE 2.1%, RMSE 29 Nm, RD 2.7%. predicted more accurately than force-based model. Abstract . tractor driving is important factor in optimal transmission design service life evaluation. Axle measurement sensor systems are very expensive, models cannot estimate because they do not...

This study was focused on the stability analysis of self-propelled radish harvester. A 3D simulation model developed using RecurDyn and used to analyze rollover angle. The angle original harvester analyzed checked see if it satisfied standard overturning (i.e., 30°). To improve it, three simulated weights (50, 100, 150 kg) were added positions (front, center, rear). slightly less than criterion at a deflection 180°. issue solved by attaching an additional weight front with 180 degrees. In...

The objective of this study was to analyze the effect tillage type (i.e., primary and secondary tillage) gear selection (P1L2 P1L4) on working load tractor–implement systems during rotary tillage. Soil properties change with depth, differences in along depth distribution, such as location formation hardpan layer, internal friction angle, moisture content, affect operations. Therefore, physical soil field distribution were measured workload In addition, a measurement system equipped PTO...

In the field of agricultural machinery, various empirical tests are conducted to measure design loads for optimal and implementation tractors. However, conducting is costly time-consuming, with many constraints on weather soil conditions, research utilizing simulations has been proposed as an alternative overcome these shortcomings. The objective this study develop a DEM-based draft force prediction model that reflects differences in properties. For this, property measurements were two...