Significance Although liposomes and lipid droplets have been used for numerous applications, the fragility of membrane causes an unintentional collapse, which is problematic advanced applications. To solve this problem, we constructed artificial cytoskeleton with DNA nanotechnology (a cytoskeleton). The a network formed underneath positively charged lipids through electrostatic interactions without need special handling. significantly improves mechanical stability and, therefore, confers...

We measured the elastic response of single DNA molecules at various concentrations trivalent cation, spermidine. When added spermidine caused to collapse, force-extension curves showed either plateaus or stick-release patterns depending on concentration. The periodic determines a characteristic length, which may reflect toroidal supercoiling. At high spermidine, we observed reelongation collapsed DNA. Thus condensation occurs between lower and upper critical concentrations, verifying that...

The kinetics of granular gases, including both freely cooling and steadily driven systems, is studied experimentally in quasi-two-dimensional cells. Under microgravity conditions achieved inside an aircraft flying parabolic trajectories, the frictional force reduced. In we confirm that velocity distribution function has form exp(−α| v | β ). value exponent close to 1.5 for system a highly excited case, which consistent with theory derived under assumption existence white-noise thermostat...

A brain-computer interface (BCI) to detect motor imagery from cerebrum hemodynamic data measured by NIRS (near-infrared spectroscopy) was constructed and the effect of online feedback training for subjects evaluated. Concentrations Oxy- deOxy-hemoglobin in cortex during subject's right hand 52-channel system, mean magnitude signal near C3 International 10-20 System visually fed back subject. On two out three subjects, it shown that ratio between averaged value standard deviation over trials...

Even though microgels are used in a wide variety of applications, determining their mechanical properties has been elusive because the difficulties analysis. In this study, we investigated surface elasticity spherical microgel gelatin prepared inside lipid droplet by using micropipet aspiration. We found that gelation microdroplet covered with membranes increased Young's modulus E toward plateau value E* along decrease gel size. case 5.0 wt % gelled microsized space, for small R ≤ 50 μm was...

Measurement of energy dissipation in small nonequilibrium systems is generally a difficult task. Recently, Harada and Sasa [Phys. Rev. Lett. 95, 130602 (2005)] derived an equality relating the rate to experimentally accessible quantities steady states described by Langevin equation. Here, we show experimental test this new relation optically driven colloidal system. We find that validated fairly good extent, thus irreversible work system estimated from readily obtainable quantities.

The configuration and performance of a system based on the Josephson junction array 1 V, which has been used to maintain primary voltage standard, are described. Details components given. An uncertainty 1.8*10/sup -8/ was obtained at least for calibration Zener reference in run 45 min. >

Gelatin microgels prepared inside lipid droplets have a much higher elasticity than that of bulk gels because their differences in nanostructure. This nanostructural difference gelatin is expected to provide the with unique viscoelastic properties differ from gels. To clarify this hypothesis, here we evaluated frequency-dependent viscoelasticity by developing cyclic micropipette aspiration. The relationship between storage modulus E′ (reflecting elasticity) and loss E″ viscosity) was...

High-T/sub c/ DC-SQUID magnetometers made of Bi-Sr-Ca-Cu oxide films were designed and fabricated. A directly coupled scheme where a SQUID loop pick-up are connected in parallel was chosen to avoid fabricating the multilayered structure. The flux noise, which measured FLL (flux locked loop) operation at 4.2 K, increased form 1/f as frequency decreased below 20 Hz. level white noise range above Hz about 1*10/sup -4/ Phi /sub 0// square root Hz, corresponding field resolution 1.5 pT/ pickup loop.

We developed a 10-V dc programmable Josephson voltage standard (PJVS) using multichip technique. The PJVS was based on NbN/TiN <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">x</sub> /NbN junctions and operated 10-K compact cryocooler. carried out an indirect comparison with superconductor-insulator-superconductor-based conventional (JVS) by measuring the of zener diode reference standard. combined uncertainty <i...

The dynamic force vs. the extension relationship of single DNA molecules in presence trivalent cation, spermidine, is studied using optical tweezers. A hysteresis between stretching and relaxing cycles increases with increasing operating speed. rate-dependent manifested due to dissipative delay condensation process. Effective friction inside a condensate estimated quantitatively, its physical origin discussed based on Kramers-type kinetic theory.

We observed transverse fluctuations of single DNA molecules by fluorescence microscopy. The end-to-end distance was varied using dual trap optical tweezers, and the force–fluctuation relation experimentally obtained in wide ranges force regime. In strong regime, theory a stretched worm-like chain with fixed both ends explains experimental results. On other hand, low approach value for an ideal ring polymer. introduce interpolate formula considering limits, which captures overall trend...

We observe a new type of behavior in shear-thinning yield stress fluid: freestanding convection rolls driven by vertical oscillation. The occurs without the constraint container boundaries, yet diameter is spontaneously selected for wide range parameters. transition to convecting state hysteresis when amplitude plate acceleration exceeds critical value. find that nondimensional stress, due inertia fluid normalized governs onset convective motion.

Probability distribution functions (PDFs) of velocity fluctuations in a 2-d vibrated bed granular materials are studied numerically using viscoelastic particle model. The PDF horizontal is closely related to the packing density ( P . D .) particles. At low ., particles move randomly and their motions uncorrelated, Gaussian. high correlated, becomes non-Gaussian with an exponential tail. flatness factor calculated as function continuous transition from Gaussian observed.

We have developed a very sensitive high-frequency carrier-type magnetic field sensor based on the giant magneto-impedance effect available at lower frequencies. Our approach is to optimize structure so as obtain high impedance. In addition, we carrier suppressing circuit using low-noise crystal oscillator reduce phase noise of offset frequency (under 1 kHz) source. When small ac applied element, AM signal can be detected with oscillator. A resolution 1.7/spl times/10/sup -8/ Oe/Hz/sup 1/2/...

A voltage standard system using a 10 V Josephson junction array has been developed. The uncertainty is 0.6/spl times/10/sup -8/ for measurement of the output Zener diode reference standard. comparison with conventional composed 1 and divider was performed through measurements Zener. result agreed within (2/spl -8/) comparison. voltages are measured consecutively by system.

The elastic force for a single DNA molecule (15.7 kilobasepairs) during transition between an elongated coil and collapsed globule state was measured by dual-trap optical tweezers. Under highly diluted conditions, the concentration 2 nM in nucleotides, change collapsing process response were observed at level. To induce transition, trivalent cation, spermidine, used. Two types of changes different timescales occurred intramolecular process; fast from about 0.2 to 0.9 pN within 20 s, slow 1.5...

An array of 20144 Josephson junctions divided into four strip line branches has been developed and tested. The generates quantized voltages up to about 14 V under millimeter-wave irradiation 90 mW at 92.5 GHz, will be used in a 10-V voltage standard.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>

The authors present a voltage divider developed to calibrate the 10-V output of Zener-diode standard with reference 1-V Josephson array standard. ratio can be automatically self-calibrated by digital voltmeter and switching system controlled computer. principle used for calibration is discussed. configuration measurement Zener are described. operation also >

The impedance of a magnetic thin film changes when field is applied. high-frequency carrier sensor, also called GMI employs this phenomenon as its principle; it acts previously high-sensitivity sensor. We detected the by an amplitude-modulation method. As changing phase difference, we directed our attention to and measured measuring difference. sensor element used was meander pattern (thickness: 4.1 μm, length: 1mm, width: 20 unit distance: 50 number turns: 3), which fabricated on CoNbZr...

Abstract We measured the fluorescence intensity of DNA‐bound fluorescent dyes YO‐PRO‐1 (oxazole yellow) and YOYO‐1 (dimer oxazole at various spermidine concentrations to determine how counterions on DNA are exchanged in process condensation. A decrease was observed with an increase spermidine. Considering chemical equilibrium under competition between dye for counterion condensation DNA, theoretical curve well describes intensity. These results indicate that binding site DNA; is, exchange...