Recent experiments with rats suggest that they show episodic-like or what-where-when memory for a preferred food found on radial maze. Although when salient event occurred suggests can mentally travel in time to moment the past, an alternative possibility is remember how long ago was found. Three groups of were tested previously encountered food. The different could use only cues when, ago, + ago. Only cue used successfully. These results qualitatively from human episodic memory.

In 4 experiments, the authors asked whether pigeons (Columba livia) would show metamemory by choosing to study a sample stimulus before taking memory test. Experiments 1a-1c, chose between cues that led either exposure or directly comparison test stimuli without seeing in delayed matching-to-sample task. The same choice was used Experiment 2 see take reminder when of weak. 3 and 4, pigeons' responses red green side keys with present guide no present. findings all these experiments suggest...

Extreme stimuli are often more salient in perception and memory than moderate stimuli. In risky choice, when people learn the odds outcomes from experience, extreme (best worst) also stand out. This additional salience leads to risk-seeking for relative gains losses-the opposite of what do queried terms explicit probabilities. Previous research has suggested that this pattern arises because most experienced prominent memory. An important open question, however, is makes these prominent? Here...

In 2 experiments, rats were trained to press a centrally located lever that delivered immediate food reinforcement and turned on light signal indicated the location of further reward. After learned use cue find food, for pressing was discontinued. Experiment 1, continued information about reward in T-maze, but control groups yoked experimental group amount reward, conditioned showed complete extinction pressing. Rats tested an 8-arm radial maze also did not yield provided indicating which...

Abstract Aim To prospectively evaluate the association of various markers sarcopenia and frailty with clinical outcomes in diabetes‐related foot disease (DRFD), namely wound healing, amputation‐free survival, death over 3 years. Methods This was an observational study patients DRFD at a quaternary multidisciplinary diabetic service. Initial assessment includes classification DRFDs using WIfI classification, FRAIL scale, measurement handgrip strength (HGS) dynamometer. Muscle mass ascertained...

When people make risky choices based on prior experience, biases in learning and memory can affect their preferences. One such bias is the primacy effect, whereby outcomes experienced during initial disproportionately later choice. Here we investigated potential effects with two features of options: outcome probability relative value. In first experiments (total N = 382), order experiencing different probabilities was varied across three groups, neither experiment revealed any effects. last...

It has been shown previously that pigeons make surprising errors on a visually based midsession reversal task (Cook & Rosen, 2010; Rayburn-Reeves, Molet, Zentall, 2011). We trained birds with red and green sidekeys, one color rewarded in the first 40 trials (S1) other latter (S2). Importantly, Phases 1 3, were always presented same side, whereas Phase 2 sidekeys left right equally often. In probe sessions intertrial intervals (ITIs) longer or shorter than training intertribal interval (ITI)...

Information Seeking in Animals: Metacognition? by William A. Roberts, University of Western Ontario Neil McMillan, Evanya Musolino, Mark Cole, Reading Options: <a href=https://comparative-cognition-and-behavior-reviews.org/wp/wp-content/uploads/2013/10/vol_7_roberts.

Pigeons (Columba livia) produce many anticipatory and perseverative errors on discrimination tasks with a reversal of reward contingencies partway through the session. Prior comparative research has suggested that rats (Rattus norvegicus) do not show same number results more closely resemble those humans. We examined pigeons' performance visual-spatial point randomized within session found they showed remarkably few errors. When these subjects were split into groups for unconfounded, birds...

In a 2-stimulus visual discrimination choice task with reversal in reward contingencies midway through each session, pigeons produce surprising number of both anticipatory errors (i.e., responding to the second-correct stimulus before reversal) and perseverative first-correct after reversal). Here, we used go/no-go version examine degree which these can be attributed failure inhibit incorrect responses near reversal. We presented either green or red (randomized across trials), pecks 1...

Abstract Background Pacific Island Countries and Territories (PICTs) are known to have high prevalence of Diabetes Mellitus incidence diabetes-related foot disease. Diabetes-related disease can lead lower limb amputation is associated with poor outcomes, increased morbidity mortality. The purpose this study was gain a better understanding management in selected countries PICTs identify potential barriers the region. Methods A cross-sectional survey sent eleven hospitals across six PICTs....

Abstract Background Diabetes‐related foot disease (DFD) accounts for up to 75% of lower‐extremity amputations globally. Rural and remote communities are disproportionately affected by DFD. Telehealth has been advocated as a strategy improve equity access health care in rural communities. Current literature suggests that successful implementation telehealth requires adequate reliable equipment, staff training, support. A real‐time video‐based service (TFS) delivering DFD management recently...

A fully automated objective striatal analysis (OSA) program that quantitates dopamine transporter uptake in subjects with suspected Parkinson's disease was applied to images from clinical ¹²³I-ioflupane studies. The binding ratios or alternatively the specific ratio (SBR) of lowest putamen computed, and receiver-operating-characteristic (ROC) 94 determine best discriminator using this quantitative method. <b>Methods:</b> Ninety-four SPECT scans were analyzed patients referred our...

An automated objective striatal analysis (OSA) software program was applied to dopamine transporter ¹²³I-ioflupane images acquired on subjects with varying severities of parkinsonism. The binding ratios (SBR) the left and right putamina (relative occipital lobe) were computed, laterality that measure compared clinical symptoms visual reads. over-read OSA evaluated as an aid in confirming disease onset. <b>Methods:</b> One hundred one scans clinically referred subjects. SPECT...

Data were collected on samples of American (N = 172) and Scottish 264) adolescents to evaluate the scale reliability construct validity an adolescent version Levant et al.’s (1992) Male Role Norms Inventory. Results indicate that MRNI-A showed good overall internal consistency for as a whole in both samples; results subscales less robust. Convergent discriminant assessed with U.S. sample. indicated adequate convergent boys girls, girls. not conclusive. Consistent research adults, females...

GENERAL COMMENTARY article Front. Psychol., 14 October 2015Sec. Comparative Psychology Volume 6 - 2015 | https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2015.01589

Neoliberalism has ushered in a rise managerialism, technocracy and bureaucratisation residential child care where economy, efficiency, effectiveness have been prioritised over the moral imperative to care. One implication commodification of children who are traded culture procurement commissioning compounded by climate austerity, regulation replaced contractual regulation. The impact this upon that receive raised concern. frontline carers intractable challenges which presents their role...