With much advancement in the field of nanotechnology, bioengineering and synthetic biology over past decade, microscales nanoscales devices are becoming a reality. Yet problem engineering reliable communication system between tiny is still an open problem. At same time, despite prevalence radio communication, there areas where traditional electromagnetic waves find it difficult or expensive to reach. Points interest industry, cities, medical applications often lie embedded entrenched areas,...

We consider detection based on deep learning, and show it is possible to train detectors that perform well without any knowledge of the underlying channel models. Moreover, when model known, we demonstrate do not require state information (CSI). In particular, a technique call sliding bidirectional recurrent neural network (SBRNN) proposed for where, after training, detector estimates data in real-time as signal stream arrives at receiver. evaluate this algorithm, other (NN) architectures,...

We consider the problem of joint source and channel coding structured data such as natural language over a noisy channel. The typical approach to this in both theory practice involves performing first compress text then add robustness for transmission across This is optimal terms minimizing end-to-end distortion with arbitrarily large block lengths codes when discrete memoryless channels. However, optimality no longer ensured documents finite length limitations on encoding. will show...

In this work, we describe the first modular, and programmable platform capable of transmitting a text message using chemical signalling – method also known as molecular communication. This form communication is attractive for applications where conventional wireless systems perform poorly, from nanotechnology to urban health monitoring. Using examples, demonstrate use our testbed communication, illustrate features these experiments. By providing simple inexpensive means performing...

In diffusion-based molecular communication, information transport is governed by diffusion through a fluid medium. The achievable data rates for these channels are very low compared to the radio-based communication system, since can be slow process. To improve rate, novel multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) design proposed that utilizes multiple emitters at transmitter and detectors receiver (in RF all correspond antennas). Using particle-based simulators, channel's impulse response...

Symbol detection plays an important role in the implementation of digital receivers. In this work, we propose ViterbiNet, which is a data-driven symbol detector that does not require channel state information (CSI). ViterbiNet obtained by integrating deep neural networks (DNNs) into Viterbi algorithm. We identify specific parts algorithm depend on model, and design DNN to implement only those computations, leaving rest structure intact. then meta-learning based approach train online recent...

The design and analysis of communication systems typically rely on the development mathematical models that describe underlying channel, which dictates relationship between transmitted received signals. However, in some systems, such as molecular where chemical signals are used for transfer information, it is not possible to accurately model this relationship. In these scenarios, because lack channel models, a completely new approach required. work, we focus one important aspect detection...

This work presents a new multi-chemical experimental platform for molecular communication (MC) where the transmitter can release different chemicals. is designed to be inexpensive and accessible, it expanded simulate environments such as portion of body's cardiovascular system or complex network pipes in industrial complexes city infrastructures. To demonstrate capabilities platform, we implement time-slotted binary information carried via pH transmitted signals and, particular, 0-bit...

This article examines recent research in molecular communications from a telecommunications system design perspective. In particular, it focuses on channel models and state-of-the-art physical layer techniques. The goal is to provide foundation for higher motivation development of functional prototypes. the first part article, we focus noise model, comparing radio-wave pathloss formulae. second part, examines, equipped with appropriate knowledge, modulation error correction coding schemes....

Recently, a tabletop molecular communication platform has been developed for transmitting short text messages across room. The end-to-end system impulse response this does not follow previously published theoretical works because of imperfect receiver, transmitter, and turbulent flows. Moreover, it is observed that resembles nonlinear system, which makes the rich body work by engineers applicable to platform. In work, we first introduce corrections previous models based on data from...

This survey paper focuses on modulation aspects of molecular communication, an emerging field focused building biologically-inspired systems that embed data within chemical signals. The primary challenges in designing these are how to encode and modulate information onto signals, design a receiver can detect decode the from corrupted signal observed at destination. In this article, we focus for communication via diffusion systems. systems, signals transported using diffusion, possibly...

We consider a confined space molecular communication system, where molecules or information carrying particles are used to transfer on microfluidic chip. Considering that information-carrying can follow two main propagation schemes: passive transport, and active it is not clear which achieves better transmission rate. Motivated by this problem, we compare analyze both schemes deriving set of analytical mathematical tools measure the achievable rates on-chip systems employing transport. also...

Molecular communications (MC) has been studied as a bio-inspired information carrier for micro-scale and nano-scale environments. On the macro-scale, it can also be considered an alternative to electromagnetic (EM) wave based systems, especially in environments where there is significant attenuation EM power. This paper goes beyond unbounded free space propagation examine three macro-scale environments: pipe, knife edge, mesh channel. Approximate analytical expressions shown this demonstrate...

Symbol detection plays an important role in the implementation of digital receivers. One most common symbol schemes is Viterbi algorithm, which capable achieving minimal probability error under a broad range channels encountered practice. The algorithm based on channel state information (CSI); it requires that receiver knows exactly (or approximately) statistical relationship between input and output. In some cases, such knowledge may be unavailable or very difficult to obtain. this work, we...

In diffusion-based molecular communication, information particles locomote via a diffusion process, characterized by random movement and heavy tail distribution for the arrival time. As result, communication shows lower transmission rates than traditional communication. To compensate such low rates, researchers have recently proposed multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) technique. Although channel models exist single-input single-output (SISO) systems some simple environments, extending...

In this work, we consider diffusion-based molecular communication timing channels. Three different channels are presented based on three modulation techniques, i.e., i) of the release information particles, ii) time between two consecutive particles same type, and iii) types. We show that each channel can be represented as an additive noise channel, where follows one subclasses stable distributions. provide expressions for probability density function terms, numerical evaluations cumulative...

Concentration modulation, whereby information is encoded in the concentration level of chemicals, considered. One main challenges with such systems limited control transmitter has on at receiver. For example, cannot be directly decreased by transmitter, and decrease over time occurs solely due to transport mechanisms as diffusion. This can result inter-symbol interference (ISI), which degrades performance. In this work, a novel scheme proposed that uses transmission acids, bases, hydrogen...

Many important schemes in signal processing and communications, ranging from the BCJR algorithm to Kalman filter, are instances of factor graph methods. This family algorithms is based on recursive message passing-based computations carried out over graphical models, representing a factorization underlying statistics. In order implement these algorithms, one must have accurate knowledge statistical model signals. this work we methods data-driven manner when statistics unknown. particular,...

In molecular communication, information is encoded and transmitted as a pattern of molecules or other very small carriers (in this paper, vesicles are used). Nanoscale techniques, such motors Brownian motion, used to convey the from transmitter receiver, where message deciphered. microchannel environment considered, achievable rates compared between use motion motors, which evaluated through simulation. Communication viewed mass transfer problem, messages sent by transporting number...

We study non-coherent detection schemes for molecular communication (MC) systems with negligible inter-symbol interference that do not require knowledge of the channel state information (CSI). In particular, we first derive optimal maximum likelihood (ML) multiple-symbol (MS) detector MC systems. As a special case MS detector, show ML symbol-by-symbol (SS) can be equivalently written in form threshold-based where decision threshold is constant and depends only on statistics channel. The main...

We develop a hybrid model-based data-driven seizure detection algorithm called Mutual Information-based CNN-Aided Learned factor graphs (MICAL) for of eclectic seizures from EEG signals. Our proposed method contains three main components: neural mutual information (MI) estimator, 1D convolutional network (CNN), and graph inference. Since during the electrical activity in one or more regions brain becomes correlated, we use MI estimators to measure inter-channel statistical dependence. also...

In molecular communication, small particles such as molecules are used to convey information. These released by a transmitter into fluidic environment, where they propagate freely (e.g. through diffusion) or externals means different types of active transport) until arrive at the receiver. Although there number mathematical models for diffusion-based transport communication (ATMC) lacks necessary theoretical framework. Previous works had rely almost entirely on full Monte Carlo simulations...

The performance of communication systems is fundamentally limited by the loss energy through propagation and circuit inefficiencies. emergence Internet Nano Things ecosystem means there a need to design build nanoscale efficient subsystems. In this article, we show that it possible achieve ultra low communications at nanoscale, if diffusive molecules are used for carrying data. While electromagnetic waves will inevitably decay as function transmission distance time, in individual does not....

In this paper, we consider a molecular diffusion based communications link that can reliably transport data over-the-air. We show the system also across confined structural environments, especially in cases where conventional electromagnetic (EM) wave systems may fail. particular, paper compares performance of our proprietary communication test-bed with Zigbee wireless sensors metal pipe network does not act as radio wave-guide. The first shows molecular-based link's is determined primarily...

This work introduces capacity limits for molecular timing (MT) channels, where information is modulated on the release of small particles, and decoded from time arrival at receiver. It shown that random can be represented as an additive noise channel, diffusion-based MT (DBMT) this distributed according to Lévy distribution. Lower upper bounds DBMT channel are derived case delay associated with propagation particles in finite. These also tight.