This Letter analyzes launch noise from Starship Super Heavy's Flights 5 and 6. While Flight-5 data covered 9.7–35.5 km, the stations during Flight 6 spanned 1.0–35.5 km. A comparison of A-weighted unweighted maximum exposure levels is made between flights with an updated environmental assessment (EA). Key findings include: (a) two flights' diverge beyond 10 (b) EA models overestimate metrics, (c) acoustic energy a equivalent to 2.2 Space Launch System launches or ∼11 Falcon 9 launches. These...

To improve understanding of super heavy-lift rocket acoustics, this letter documents initial findings from noise measurements during liftoff the Space Launch System's Artemis-I mission. Overall sound pressure levels, waveform characteristics, and spectra are described at distances ranging 1.5 to 5.2 km. Significant results include: (a) solid boosters' ignition overpressure is particularly intense in direction pad flame trench exit; (b) post-liftoff maximum overall levels range 127 136 dB,...

Far-field (9.7–35.5 km) noise measurements were made during the fifth flight test of SpaceX's Starship Super Heavy, which included first-ever booster catch. Key results involving launch and flyback sonic boom sound levels include (a) A-weighted exposure are 18 dB less than predicted at 35 km; (b) exceeds 10 psf (c) comparing to Space Launch System Falcon 9 shows that is substantially louder; far-field produced a least ten times 9.

Abstract We present an analysis of ion temperatures in laser-produced plasmas formed from solids with different initial lattice structures. show that the equilibrium temperature is limited by a mismatch between crystallographic configuration and close-packed strongly-coupled plasma, similar to experiments ultracold neutral plasmas. propose demonstrate exploit this heating order produce strongly coupled plasma coupling parameter several hundred.

This study investigates source-related noise characteristics of the Falcon 9, a modern launch vehicle with high operational tempo. Empirical prediction launched rockets has long been topic study; however, there are relatively few comparisons high-fidelity, far-field data, and historical inconsistencies persist. Various quantities considered: overall directivity, sound power, maximum pressure level (OASPL), peak frequency. The directivity 9 is shown to be between two disparate ranges given in...

Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry (FTICR-MS) is often limited by space-charge effects. Previously, particle-in-cell (PIC) simulations have been used to understand these effects on FTICR-MS signals. However, none extended fully into the dominated (plasma) regime. We use a two-dimensional (2-D) electrostatic PIC code, which facilitates work at very high number densities modest computational cost study in plasma In our simulation, we observed peak coalescence and rapid...

The Saturn V is a monument to one of mankind's greatest achievements: the human Moon landings. However, online claims about this vehicle's impressive acoustics by well-meaning individuals are often based on misunderstood or incorrect data. This article, intended for both educators and enthusiasts, discusses topics related rocket documents what known V's levels: overall power, maximum sound pressure, peak pressure. power level was approximately 204 dB re 1 pW, whereas its lesser pressure...

If the magnetic field in a pure electron plasma containment device is not aligned with axis of conducting walls, electrons will accumulate at ends where lines come closest to walls and bound can be their image charges. also offset radially from center (as an l=1 diocotron mode), then more density one end than other. As revolves around center, slosh other, creating measurable signal. This signal has been experimentally measured its origin verified using three-dimensional equilibrium code....

In 1992, Eggleston et al. [D. L. al., Phys. Fluids B 4, 3432 (1992)] reported on a technique for measuring the radial temperature profile in pure-electron plasma confined Malmberg-Penning trap by partially dumping onto charge collector at end of trap. For short plasmas and confining rings, assumptions their paper are violated more general calculation is needed. This presents variation standard equilibrium to find plasma. Eggleston’s shortcut “evaporation” method found require correction...

We have observed axisymmetric Bernstein modes in an infinite-length particle-in-cell code simulation of a non-neutral plasma. The plasmas considered were global thermal equilibrium and there at least 50 Larmor radii within the plasma radius. density is parameterized by β, ratio central to Brillouin limit. These m = 0 kz=0, where eigenfunctions vary as ei(mθ+kzz). exist both near Coriolis-shifted (by rotation) upper-hybrid frequency, ωuh=ωc2−ωp2, integer multiples (2, 3, etc.) cyclotron...

As the frequency of rocket launches increases, accurately predicting their noise is necessary to assess structural, environmental, and societal impacts. NASA's Space Launch System (SLS) a challenging vehicle model because it has both solid-fuel boosters liquid-fueled engines that contribute its thrust at launch. This paper discusses measured aeroacoustic properties this super heavy-lift in context supersonic jet theory measurements other rockets. Using four properties: directivity, spectral...

The rapid launch cadence of SpaceX’s Falcon 9 rocket provides the opportunity to study relative consistency noise radiation. Acoustical measurements several launches have been made on and near Vandenberg Space Force Base within 1 km pad. This paper compares collocated mid-field from different missions begin understand data variability as a function environmental conditions. One location 395 m pad has measured over 5 times. comparative analysis includes time-varying levels, spectra, waveform...

A rocket launch produces sound that is highly directional. This radiation presumed to be due Mach wave radiation, but the production mechanism poorly understood. Previous research has shown vehicle directivity peaks at an angle near 65° relative plume for most large rockets during early stages of launch, yet limited attention been given physical parameters involved in this production. study explores influence some additional are not usually considered, such as ambient atmospheric pressure...

At 7:30 AM on October 6, 2020 Space-X launched a Falcon-9 rocket from pad 39A at Kennedy Space Center. Photographer Trevor Mahlmann had positioned his camera in the location where would pass front of rising sun and took series images that encounter. These are visually stunning, but they also scientifically useful. The high-intensity sound shock waves originating plume imaged by passing sun, particularly near edge sun. This can be considered background-oriented schlieren system. supersonic is...

The rapid launch cadence of SpaceX’s Falcon 9 rocket provides the opportunity to study relative consistency far-field noise propagation. Acoustical measurements several launches have been made on and near Vandenberg Space Force Base at a location 8.4–14 km from pad. This paper compares collocated different missions begin understand data variability as function environmental conditions locations. 8.4 has measured over 10 times, whereas other locations span subsets launches. comparative...

To improve noise scaling laws for rockets and heated, supersonic jets, this paper discusses jet aeroacoustics-related scalings the Space Launch System (SLS). Data from four measurement stations at Artemis-I launch, located 1.4–1.8 km launchpad, are used in analysis. First, SLS maximum overall sound pressure levels compared against other rocket measurements same scaled distance using effective nozzle diameter. Second, Strouhal number frequency-scaling is to compare one-third-octave power...

A computer code has been developed which simulates a Thomson scattering measurement, from the counting statistics of input channels through mathematical analysis data. The scattered and background signals in each wavelength are assumed to obey Poisson statistics, spectral data fitted Gaussian curve using nonlinear least-squares fitting algorithm. This method goes beyond usual calculation signal-to-noise ratio for hardware gives quantitative measure effect noise on final measurement. is...

A simplified vacuum arc design [based on metal vapor (MeVVA) concepts] is employed as a plasma source for study of B7e non-neutral plasma. The includes mechanism interchanging the cathode source. Testing showed that it capable producing order 1012 charges at confinable energies using boron-carbide disk target. from typical designs lower energy and density applications by only trigger spark rather than full in high current ion beam designs. interchangeability gives ability to replace sample,...

Historically the radiation efficiency of a rocket plume has been assumed to be 0.5%, but recent measurements have thrown this into some doubt. Determining sound power level is first step in characterizing its efficiency. Because from launch vehicle anisotropic, well-calibrated ground measurement stations are used, along with trajectory data, obtain power. Historically, effect reflections appears largely neglected literature, despite potential inflate overall levels (OAPWL) and therefore This...