Social support is critical for psychological and physical well-being, reflecting the centrality of belongingness in our lives.Human interactions often provide people with considerable social support, but can pets also fulfill one's needs?Although there correlational evidence that may help individuals facing significant life stressors, little known about well-being benefits everyday people.Study 1 found a community sample pet owners fared better on several (e.g., greater self-esteem, more...

There is considerable controversy about how to conceptualize implicit and explicit attitudes, reflecting substantial speculation the mechanisms involved in attitude formation change. To investigate this issue, current work examines processes by which new attitudes are formed changed these predict behavior. Five experiments support a systems of reasoning approach Specifically, were shaped manner consistent with fast-changing processes, affected processing goals, uniquely predicted more...

Stereotype threat (ST) occurs when the awareness of a negative stereotype about social group in particular domain produces suboptimal performance by members that group. Although ST has been repeatedly demonstrated, far less is known how its effects are realized. Using mathematical problem solving as test bed, authors demonstrate 5 experiments harms math problems rely heavily on working memory resources--especially phonological aspects this system. Moreover, capitalizing an understanding...

Recently, several researchers provided overarching macromodels to explain individuals’ privacy-related decision making. These macromodels—and almost all of the published information systems (IS) studies date—rely on a covert assumption: responses external stimuli result in deliberate analyses, which lead fully informed attitudes and behaviors. The most expansive these macromodels, labeled “Antecedents–Privacy Concerns–Outcomes” (APCO), reflects this assumption. However, an emerging stream IS...

Because different processes underlie implicit and explicit attitudes, we hypothesized that they are differentially sensitive to kinds of information. We measured attitudes over time, as types attitude-relevant information about a single attitude object were presented. As expected, formed changed in response the valence consciously accessible, verbally presented behavioral target. In contrast, subliminally primes, reflecting progressive accretion object-evaluation pairings. consequence, when...

In 4 experiments, the authors showed that concurrently making positive and negative self-relevant stereotypes available about performance in same ability domain can eliminate stereotype threat effects. Replicating past work, demonstrated introducing women's math activated participants' female social identity hurt their (i.e., threat) by reducing working memory. Moving beyond it was also concomitantly presenting a (e.g., college students are good at math) increased relative accessibility of...

Recent work suggests that stereotype threat (ST) harms performance by reducing available working memory capacity. Is this the only mechanism which ST can occur? Three experiments examined ST's impact on expert golf putting, is not harmed when reduced but hurt attention allocated to proceduralized processes normally run outside memory. Experiment 1 showed well learned putting susceptible ST. Experiments 2 and 3 demonstrated giving golfers a secondary task eliminates ST-induced impairment....

Some members of stigmatized groups, such as Asian women, may be more likely to experience negative self-evaluations after exposure a mainstream beauty standard than other Black women. In this study, 54 52 and 64 White were exposed standards compared themselves these idealized images. It was hypothesized that although women would find comparisons irrelevant, see targets relevant for their comparisons, reflecting striving standards. The results indicated did not themselves, reported positive...

The current work investigated how viewing one's pet as a family member improves wellbeing. We hypothesized that including pets in key social ingroup (i.e., family) would increase ascriptions of socially supportive traits to these animals, enhancing their perceived ability provide support owners, which turn promotes owner Study 1 used correlational design and showed positive relations between companion animal member, greater perceptions traits, better wellbeing indexed by several measures...

It is hypothesized that perceptions of entitativity (i.e., seeing social targets as possessing unity and coherence) have important implications for how one organizes information about, forms impressions of, individual group targets. When perceivers expect entitativity, they should form an integrated impression the target, resulting in on-line judgments. However, when little not process target-relevant integrative fashion, memory-based Although many factors affect current study focused on...

The relations among implicit and explicit measures of sexual orientation attitudes sexual-orientation-related behavior beliefs gay men (Study 1) straight (Studies 1 2) were explored. Study found between attitudes, large differences on both measures, that these predicted behaviors men. Also, only exhibited a negative relation their toward homosexuality heterosexuality. 2 as held more homosexuality, they strongly endorsed the importance heterosexual identity traditional masculine gender roles....

Abstract This research examined the processes by which explicit and implicit attitudes changed to systematically differing levels of counterattitudinal (CA) information. Explicit quickly in response relatively small amounts CA information, reflecting rule‐based reasoning. On other hand, more slowly face progressive accretion evaluation‐attitude object pairings. Thus, were extremely malleable when information was presented, however, revealed a slow, linear change trajectory resulting from...

The authors explored how social group cues (e.g., obesity, physical attractiveness) strongly associated with valence affect the formation of attitudes toward individuals. Although explicit attitude has been examined in much past research S. T. Fiske & L. Neuberg, 1990), current work, considered implicit as well individuals are influenced by these cues. On basis a systems evaluation perspective R. J. Rydell A. McConnell, 2006; Rydell, D. M. Mackie, Strain, 2006), anticipated and found that...

Discrepancies between one's current and desired states evoke negative emotions, which presumably guide self-regulation.In the work we evaluated function of discrepancy-based emotions in behavioral self-regulation.Contrary to classic theories self-regulation, did not predict degree people engaged self-regulatory behavior.Instead, expectations about how future self-discrepancies would make one feel (i.e., anticipated emotions) predicted self-regulation.However, were influenced by previous...

Stereotype threat occurs when knowledge of a negative stereotype about social group leads to less-than-optimal performance by members that group. Although the phenomenon has been extensively studied in academic and cognitively-based tasks, it received little attention sport. This article reviews existent literature on discusses its implications for sports performance. The causal mechanisms sport are examined, followed discussion why cognitive processes thought govern stereotype-induced...

Policy-oriented Abstract Data privacy is one of the most pressing issues today. The world thirsty for novel, effective, and efficient policies to strike an appropriate balance between protecting individuals’ creating economic value from their personal information. Whereas governmental efforts, such as enaction General Protection Regulation, California Consumer Privacy Act, other regulations, have been pushing boundaries this balance, effects these types initiatives on awareness behavior are...

Previous research has focused primarily on affect generated from counterfactual thinking after decisions have been made. The current study, in contrast, examined how predecision mental simulations (prefactuals) and feelings of anticipated regret are affected by different marketing strategies. A preliminary investigation found that consumers frequently produce upward prefactuals (e.g., if I buy it today find for less next week, I'll my purchase) when considering a major purchase. It was...

The prevailing explanation for illusory correlation in the stereotyping of groups is that distinctive information (minority groups' infrequent behaviors) salient, receives enhanced encoding, and becomes highly accessible, thus biasing subsequent judgments. This distinctiveness-based (DBE) depends on distinctiveness at time its encoding. Information encoding was manipulated, while ultimate kept constant. Experiment 1, contrary to DBE, found correlations emerge regardless 2 collected process...