Research on attentional focus has consistently shown that an external (EF) is superior to internal (IF) for performance with novice performers or learners. When examining experienced performers, the findings have been ambiguous various types proving be beneficial. Recent research suggests coaches utilize a combination of strategies when instructing highly skilled throwers in track and field. In addition traditional EF IF, holistic (HF) found enhance similar EF. The purpose current study was...

Empirical findings consistently suggest that an external focus of attention leads to superior performance when compared internal by encouraging more automatic processing. However, for certain skills (e.g., gymnastics routines) it can be challenging identify a meaningful cue. A related line research suggests focusing on the general feeling movement (i.e., holistic focus) may also useful in avoiding conscious control movements. The purpose this study was determine how (INT), (EXT), and (HOL)...

Research with athletes and coaches has found that attentional focus strategies are more complex than using an internal or external exclusively. Recently Becker et al. [2020, March 1. The effects of in the preparation execution a standing long jump. Psychological Research, 84(2), 285-291] switching from movement to during provided benefit over control conditions. purpose this study was investigate on motor skill acquisition. 79 participants were randomly divided into (INT), (EXT), group...

The study tested whether age, sex, or task complexity moderate the effect of attentional focus on motor learning. Children (24 boys, 24 girls) and adults men, women) were assigned to an internal external focus, timed while riding either a Double Pedalo with handles (simple task) without (complex over distance 7 meters. A is four-wheeled device that involves standing two connected platforms, alternately pushing them forward make it move. Participants completed 20 acquisition trials, followed...

The content of instructions that strength coaches give can have a significant impact on how an athlete or client performs. Research motor learning has shown advantage focusing the effects movements (external focus) over those themselves (internal in performance skills. Internally focused cues are abundant coaching, therefore purpose this study was to test whether some internally might be more helpful than others. Participants (68) were randomly assigned either external focus (EX), broad...

Recent research suggests that both a holistic focus of attention (i.e., focusing on the general feeling movement) and an external improve motor performance relative to internal attention. The purpose this study was determine how holistic, internal, impacts torque production electromyography (EMG) activity in biceps brachii during isokinetic elbow flexion task. Twenty-four young adults completed five repetitions task external, conditions. Peak torque, integrated peak EMG amplitude, EMG,...

The superiority of an external focus attention in motor performance and learning has been confirmed many studies. However, less research done on how well the performs under various conditions, such as when performing a dual-task. Recent also suggests holistic may provide similar benefit to performance. current study investigates internal, external, influences single dual-task conditions. Sixty adolescent girls aged 14–17 without previous experience badminton long serve were selected sample...

Attentional focus research consistently suggests that the use of an external attention improves motor learning and performance relative to internal focus. It appears, however, cues are not frequently adopted in applied sport settings. One issue may contribute this disparity relates variability how employed practice. Experimental tends a single-cue approach, while sports, athletes often sample several within same A limitation approach is attentional effects could be due either direction...

It has been consistently reported that an external focus of attention leads to better motor performance than internal focus, but no research date explored this effect in a population with visual impairments (VI). External statements typically reference something the environment (e.g., target) may be difficult conceptualize for people VI since they cannot generate representation object focus. Internal could more closely identifiable proprioception is not impaired population. Recent studies...

The purpose of this study was to determine changes in balance, postural sway, and quality life after 6 wk simulated horseback riding adults diagnosed with Parkinson's disease. Eight older completed two 60-min sessions weekly for wk. Variables were measured wks before within 1 the intervention. Berg Balance Scale scores decreased from baseline preintervention (48.36 ± 5.97 vs. 45.86 6.42, p = .050) increased postintervention (45.86 6.42 50.00 4.38, .002). Cognitive impairment, a dimension...

Substantial research has demonstrated that an external (vs. internal) attentional focus enhances motor performance among various populations. Interest recently grown in examining the effects of individuals with visual impairments (VI), and, to date, results have been conflicting some studies supporting a potential benefit adults VI, while study children severe VI was inconclusive regarding this benefit. The present investigation compared internal versus on discrete throwing task adolescents...

Purpose: The benefit of an external focus over internal has been well-established. Within this literature, several studies have documented a distal effect attentional by comparing the efficacy proximal and focus. A potential confound is that most cues direct performer's attention to outcome occurring after completion movement, while something occurs during movement process. This study aims disentangle whether comes from spatial distance (proximal vs. distal) or temporal (during after)....

Perceived effort for goal-directed reaching may be impacted by the level of self-reported fatigue, however, relationship between fatigue and perceived has not been examined. We examined how changed under varied reach conditions performance. Twenty-three young adults performed actions toward 9 different targets on a digitizing tablet. was measured using Borg Rate Exertion Paas Mental Effort Rating Scale. Self-reported quantified Fatigue Scales Motor Cognitive Functions. As became more...

Motor imagery (MI) refers to the imagination of a motor task without actual movement execution. The purpose this study was compare MI accuracy and vividness, proficiency between children (n = 101; 7–12 years) young adults 140; 18–25 years). Results indicated that were significantly more accurate rated their vivid than children. For accuracy, between-subject effects showed had higher scores on three four subscales action subscale predicted proficiency. These findings indicate ability...

The benefits of an external focus in motor learning have been well-established adults, but findings studies with children far more variable. Recent research also suggests that a holistic attention may enhance relative to internal focus, few tested this strategy children. Therefore, study aimed determine the effect (IF), (EF), (HF) and no control condition on soccer shooting task male Male participants ( N = 60) between ages 9 11 completed 60 acquisition trials at low target distance 7 m...

The purpose of this study was to compare acute cardiometabolic responses 3 modes treadmill exercise in adults diagnosed with Parkinson's disease (PD). Eight elderly PD (67.9 ± 3.0 yr) completed 1 session each on a land, aquatic, and antigravity at 50% body weight. Participants walked from mph 0.5-mph increments 0% grade for 5 min speed. Heart rate, energy expenditure, blood pressure, rating perceived exertion were measured rest during exercise. All variables except diastolic pressure...

The on-plane rotations of the inclined axle-chain system on functional swing plane (FSP) can represent angular motions golfer–club closely. purpose this study was to identify key performance factors in golf through a comprehensive investigation association between motion characteristics and clubhead speed skilled golfers. Sixty-six male golfers (handicap ≤ 3) performed full-effort shots three club conditions: driver, 5-iron, pitching wedge. Swing trials were captured with an optical capture...

Standing long jump is known as one of the important skills in success athletes most sports. In addition, effective factors that can affect standing distance and kinematics focus attention used by athlete. Therefore, aim present study was to compare effect internal, external, holistic instructions on performance kinematics. The participants were 30 novices (all males; mean age = 21.70 ± 2.21 years; height 175.73 6.09 cm; weight 73.76 11.77 kg) who performed 12 jumps four conditions. Internal...

Special education administrators need an understanding of adapted physical (APE) educational service delivery in order to properly supervise APE students with disabilities. However, some preliminary research has suggested that special have a general lack knowledge related APE. Content acquisition podcasts (CAPs) may provide them the needed effectively services. The purposes this study were examine impact CAPs on administrators' specific and determine how perceived as form professional...

Special education administrators have an influence over adapted physical (APE) services, however little research to date has assessed special administrators' knowledge of APE services. Thus, the purpose this study was determine Fifty-one completed a 21-question content test about key areas within field APE. A series exploratory t-tests were used whether their overall scores differed significantly by variety demographic variables (e.g., gender, prior training). In addition, repeated measures...

Post-stroke fatigue can manifest as both physical and mental fatigue. The Fatigue Scale for Motor Cognitive Functions (FSMC) evaluates on the motor cognitive domains separately, however, psychometric properties of this measure in stroke have not been reported.

Purpose: Recent work involving reaching and aiming tasks provides evidence that an internal focus results in less error than external when visual information is removed. The purpose of this study was to extend these findings by determining how impact motor performance during a balancing task for adults with without occlusion. Method: Thirty-two undergraduate students were randomly assigned perform the or Participants balanced on stability platform four familiarization trials, three trials....