This is another in an occasional series of notes on economics These are edited by James Raftery (J.P.RAFTERY@bham.ac.uk) As argued previous notes, the perspective economic evaluation—societal or confined to some organisation—affects range both outcomes and costs that should be included. The case has been made for taking a societal perspective,1 particularly publicly funded programmes, but resource effects potentially relevant enormous. As with stone dropped large pool water ripples theory...

This is the second in a series of occasional notes on economics Before an economic evaluation begins, perspective study should be determined, as it may have implications for trial design.1 Since evaluations are often used to assess relative efficiency alternative healthcare interventions, commonly taken that health service.2 Because its foundations welfare economics, however, economics concerned with society's welfare. It therefore argues include impact intervention whole society, not just...

The NHS is paying for thousands of patients with multiple sclerosis to receive drugs that monitoring data suggest are not effective. <b>James Raftery</b> examines what went wrong the access scheme facilitated their use

<h3>Abstract</h3> <b>Objectives:</b> To evaluate the effect of purchaser mix, market competition, and trust status on hospital productivity within NHS internal market. <b>Methods:</b> Hospital cost activity data were taken from routinely collected for acute hospitals in England 1991–2 to 1993-4. Cross sectional longitudinal regression methods used estimate status, mix average costs per inpatient, after adjusting outpatient levels, casemix, teaching activity, regional salary variation, size,...

Journal Article Structural Completeness in Substructural Logics Get access J.S. Olson, Olson Department of Mathematics, Norwich University, 158 Harmon Dr., Northfield, VT, 05663, USA. E-mail: jolson@norwich.edu Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar J.G. Raftery, Raftery School Mathematical Sciences, University KwaZulu-Natal, Westville Campus, Private Bag X54001, Durban 4000, South Africa. raftery@ukzn.ac.za C.J. Van Alten the Witwatersrand, 3, Wits 2050,...

<b>Objective</b> To assess the cost effectiveness of different management strategies for urinary tract infections. <b>Design</b> Cost analysis alongside a randomised controlled trial with one month follow-up. <b>Setting</b> Primary care. <b>Participants</b> 309 non-pregnant adult women aged 18-70 presenting suspected infection. <b>Interventions</b> Patients were to five basic approaches: empirical antibiotics, delayed (by 48 hours) or targeted antibiotics based on either high symptom score...

This is the fourth in a series of occasional notes on economics The pursuit efficiency healthcare sector requires priority to be given those treatments which provide greatest benefit per unit cost. Alternative interventions often have compared determine whether change mix would increase efficiency. Although economic evaluations approach costs common format, they differ way benefits. These differences play critical role developing criteria for efficiency.1 Cost analysis involves measuring...

This paper concerns residuated lattice-ordered idempotent commutative monoids that are subdirect products of chains. An algebra this kind is a <italic>generalized Sugihara monoid</italic> (GSM) if it generated by the lower bounds monoid identity; <italic>Sugihara has compatible involution <inline-formula content-type="math/mathml"> <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="normal not-sign"> <mml:semantics> <mml:mi mathvariant="normal">¬</mml:mi> <mml:annotation...

Objectives: To evaluate the cost-effectiveness of population screening for Helicobacter pylori in preventing gastric cancer and peptic ulcer disease England Wales. Methods: A discrete event simulation model used parameter estimates, derived from peer-reviewed literature, routine data statistical modelling. Population was compared with no but opportunistic eradication patients presenting dyspepsia. Costs included screening, costs averted to provide per life years saved (cost/LYSj disease....

Most Gentzen systems arising in logic contain few axiom schemata and many rule schemata. Hilbert systems, on the other hand, usually proper inference rules possibly axioms. Because of this, two notions tend to serve different purposes. It is common for a be specified first instance by means calculus, whereupon Hilbert-style presentation ‘for’ may sought—or vice versa. Where this has occurred, word taken several meanings, partly because separator ⇒ can interpreted intuitively number ways....

A translation in an algebraic signature is a finite conjunction of equations one variable. On quasivariety K, τ naturally induces deductive system, called the τ-assertional logic K. Two quasivarieties are τ-assertionally equivalent if they have same logic. This paper study assertional equivalence. It characterizes to ones with various desirable properties, such as τ-regularity (a general form point regularity). Special attention paid structural properties that assertionally their varietal...

Objectives : To evaluate the reported achievements of 52 first wave total purchasing pilot schemes in 1996-7 and factors associated with these; to consider implications these findings for development proposed primary care groups. Design Face face interviews lead general practitioners, project managers, health authority representatives responsible each pilot; analysis hospital episode statistics. Setting England Scotland evaluation pilots; only consideration Main outcome measures The ability...

It is proved that the variety of representable idempotent commutative residuated lattices locally finite. The $n$-generated subdirectly irreducible algebras in this are shown to have at most $3n+1$ elements each. A constructive characterization provided, with some applications. main result implies every finitely based extension positive relevance logic containing $\mbox {mingle}$ and Gödel-Dummett axioms has a solvable deducibility problem.