As one of the light materials with superior biocompatible properties, magnesium has drawn more attention in recent years. More industries, such as automotive, aerospace, and medical, are adopting new strategies to employ this material. Mg-based batteries potential advantages over Li-based also predicted be used electric vehicles shortly. However, significant problems production Mg, its low ductility at ambient temperature high oxidation flammability operating temperatures, have limited...

In this study, three PLA-TPU compounds were prepared by the melt mixing method and after process of compounding, filament preparation, 3D printing with Fused Deposition Modeling (FDM). The mechanical properties under compression, tensile, bending, shear modes, fracture toughness comprehensively experimentally assessed. Also, for thermal analysis microstructural evaluation, Dynamic Mechanical Thermal Analysis (DMTA) Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) used. showed an increase decrease in loss...

One of the major challenges in 4D printed Shape Memory Polymers (SMPs) is their slow response to thermal stimuli. Synthetic carbon fillers have been introduced address this issue; however, use comes with environmental concerns. On other hand, Polylactic Acid (PLA) commonly used for 3D/4D printing SMPs, but it requires softening achieve large deformations. This research paper introduces a sustainable solution through blending PLA Polybutylene Adipate Terephthalate (PBAT) that not only...

Abstract In this paper, for the first time, role of manufacturing parameters fused deposition modeling (FDM) on shape memory effect (SME) is investigated by design experiments. PLA-TPU blend with a weight composition 30:70% processed melt mixing and then extruded into 1.75 mm filaments 3D printing via FDM. SEM images reveal that TPU droplets are distributed in PLA matrix, immiscible matrix-droplet morphology evident. Box-Behnken (BBD), as an experimental response surface method (RSM),...

Abstract In this article, a first of its kind blend polyvinyl chloride (PVC) and biocompatible polycaprolactone (PCL) is introduced by melt mixing then 3D printed successfully via Fused Filament Fabrication (FFF). Experimental tests are carried out on PCL‐PVC blends to assess thermo‐mechanical behaviors, morphology, fracture toughness, shape‐memory effects printability. Macro microscopic reveal that PVC‐PCL compounds miscible due high molecular compatibility strong interaction. This causes...

Abstract The main novelty of this paper is the use poly-ethylene terephthalate glycol (PETG) as a new shape memory polymer with excellent effect (SME) and printability. In addition, for first time, programming temperature on PETG 4D printed samples has been studied. amorphous nature necessitates that molecular entanglements function net points, which makes role critical. SME comprehensively was conducted under compression loading three conditions well various pre-strains. Significant results...

Abstract Unmodified polyvinyl chloride (PVC) has low thermal stability and high hardness. Therefore, using plasticizers as well stabilizers is inevitable, while it causes serious environmental health issues. In this work, for the first time, pure food‐grade PVC with potential biomedical applications processed 3D printed. Samples are successfully printed different printing parameters, including velocity, raster angle, nozzle diameter, layer thickness, their mechanical properties investigated...

Abstract For the first time, synergy of shape memory polymer (SMP) blending, 4D printing, and cold programming (CP) are investigated for improving functionality effect (SME), increasing medical applications porous structures, direct programming, removing current limitations. Porous PLA-TPU structures with different printing patterns applied deformation were CPed under constrained non-constrained compression modes at room temperature recovered in rubbery phase. The fixity recovery ratios...

Abstract In this research, polyvinyl chloride (PVC) with excellent shape‐memory effects is 4D printed via fused deposition modeling (FDM) technology. An experimental procedure for successful 3D printing of lab‐made filament from PVC granules introduced. Macro‐ and microstructural features are investigated by means wide‐angle X‐ray scattering (WAXS), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), dynamic mechanical thermal analysis (DMTA) techniques. A promising feature hypothesized the presence...

This research introduces PETG-CB (poly(ethylene terephthalate) glycol modified with carbon black) composites, a new class of shape memory polymers 4D printed using the Fused Deposition Modeling (FDM) method. Nanocomposites varying concentrations CB (0.5 %, 1 and 3 % by weight) are developed to enhance functional performance PETG in printing applications. Comprehensive characterization at micro- macro-scale, including dynamic thermal mechanical analysis (DMTA), scanning electron microscopy...

In this groundbreaking study, Polyethylene Terephthalate Glycol (PETG)-Fe3O4 nanocomposites were developed for 4D printing, incorporating iron oxide (Fe3O4) nanoparticles into PETG matrix. The research contribution lies in its innovative approach to enhancing the shape memory effect (SME) through thermo-magnetic responsiveness, positioning PETG-Fe3O4 as a revolutionary material smart additive manufacturing. composites synthesized using melt mixing method, followed by 3D printing specimens...

This paper aims at 4D printing of Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC) as an stimuli responsive shape memory polymer (SMP) with a high level stress recovery, making it interesting for actuation applications. Filament extrusion was implemented converting raw PVC pellets into 3D filament. Then, Lab-made filaments were used to print samples via fused decomposition modeling (FDM). First, thermal and microstructural properties the printed are characterized then cold, warm, hot thermo-mechanical programing...

Abstract In this study, for the first time, post-heat treatment was applied to improve stress recovery of short carbon fiber reinforced PETG (SCFRPETG). and SCFRPETG composite were printed under optimal conditions, constrained free shape memory cycles compression three-point bending loadings assess recovery. The results test both vertical horizontal patterns showed that also has a higher effect (SME) compared PETG. SME significantly improved by performing heat treatment. values pure PETG,...

Acoustic force patterning is an emerging technology that provides a platform to control the spatial location of cells in rapid, accurate, yet contactless manner. However, very few studies have been reported on usage acoustic for rapid arrangement biological objects, such as cells, three-dimensional (3D) environment. In this study, we report bio-acoustic technique, which uses surface waves (SAWs) within extracellular matrix-based hydrogel gelatin methacryloyl (GelMA). A proof-of-principle was...

In this research, for the first time, highly controllable self-coiling and tensile shape memory behaviors of 3D printed (Poly-Ethylene Terephthalate Glycol) PETG thermoplastic structures, as a novel polymer (SMP), are introduced. The results showed that maximum printing-induced pre-strain is stored in layer. Manipulating infill printing direction strip provides different transformation modes, including bending spiraling. wall effect experiments indicated related to pattern weakens by...

In this work, for the first time, PET-G commercial filament is employed 4D printing of novel tailormade self-morphing samples. was found to be an amorphous shape memory polymer (SMP) with net points tight-knitted physical entanglements decelerating stress relaxation. Physical aging as a post-treatment on printed parts investigated control and performance. Printing parameters programing conditions had significant effect behavior well recovery. Birefringence studies using polarized light...

There are a few shape memory polymers (SMPs) like polylactic acid (PLA) and polyurethane (PU) that 4D printable, other SMPs must be synthesized with complicated chemical lab effort. Herein, considering dual‐material extrusion printing microscopic mechanism behind effect (SME), bilayer‐encapsulated polycaprolactone (PCL)–thermoplastic (TPU) composite structures printed for the first time. The SME performance is investigated by assessing fixity, recovery, stress relaxation under bending...

In this study, a new strategy and design for achieving shape memory effect (SME) 4D printed two-layer composite structures is unveiled, thanks to fused deposition modeling (FDM) biomaterial printing of commercial filaments, which do not have an SME. We used ABS PCL as two well-known thermoplastics, TPU elastomer filaments that were in structure. The thermoplastic layer plays the role constraint elastomeric layer. A rubber-to-glass transition acts switching phenomenon provides capability...

Additive Manufacturing (AM) plays a key role in meeting the vital demands of Industry. The AM industry needs range applicable materials to be expanded by conducting research on novel ones. In present investigation, alumina/Fe–Ni (steel) ceramic matrix particulate composite was fabricated employing laser powder bed fusion (LPBF) additive manufacturing technology. quality printed samples associated with LPBF process parameters, which were optimized for this process. general, showed...

Abstract In this paper, blends of ABS‐TPU with two different weight percentages TPU were prepared using fused deposition modeling technology. The effect adding on the fracture toughness ABS and mechanical properties was comprehensively studied. Tensile, compression, toughness, shear tests conducted 3D‐printed samples. Thermal microstructural analyses performed dynamic thermal analysis (DMTA), scanning electron microscope (SEM). DMTA results showed that decreased storage modulus glass...