In his opening plenary at TBLT 2005 (‘From Theory to Practice: First International Conference on Task-based Language Teaching’, Leuven, Belgium, 21–23 September 2005), Long (2005) depicted the project as ‘a journey along a road yet unbuilt’ (p. 15). He told story of man who had coined this metaphor, José María Arizmendiarrieta (Arizmendi), Catholic priest inspired and promoted successful cooperative movement in Spain's impoverished Basque country early last century. For Long, task-based...

Newly hatched Artemia larvae use one pair of limbs to locomote. During development they gradually add additional along the elongating trunk. As grow, body length increases from about 0.4 mm 4 mm, mean swimming speed 1.8 s-1 9.9 s-1, and frequency antennal beat decreases 9.5 6.7 Hz. new are added, become active in metachronal rhythm pre-existing limbs. The velocity oscillates as early swim; later swim without a cyclic acceleration deceleration body. change pattern is correlated with addition...

Segmented animals are found in major clades as phylogenetically distant vertebrates and arthropods. Typically, segments form sequentially what has been thought to be a regular process, relying on segmentation clock pattern budding posterior mitosis generate axial elongation. Here we show that Tribolium phases of variable periodicity during which added at different rates. Furthermore, elongation period rapid segment addition is driven by high rates cell rearrangement, demonstrated...

We describe the dynamic process of abdominal segment generation in milkweed bug Oncopeltus fasciatus. present detailed morphological measurements growing germband throughout segmentation. Our data are complemented by cell division profiles and expression patterns key genes, including invected even-skipped as markers for different stages formation. mechanistic changes growth zone nascent segments during individual segmentation, examine relative contribution newly formed versus existing tissue...

SUMMARY Repeated body segments are a key feature of arthropods. The formation occurs via distinct developmental pathways within different arthropod clades. Although some species form their simultaneously without any accompanying measurable growth, most arthropods add sequentially from the posterior growing embryo or larva. use Notch signaling is increasingly emerging as common sequential segmentation throughout Bilateria, inferred both expression proteins required for and genetic...

A physical model of the swimming appendage (second antenna) a larval Artemia was oscillated and translated through tank glycerine to determine how such shape may be used generate thrust at intermediate Reynolds numbers which it operates. Force on measured by strain gauges calculate coefficients drag series speeds frequencies that represented flow regimes different stages. Measured (Cd) over this number range ({approx}1-10) suggest an expression for cylinder perpendicular (Cd = 1 + 10 Re-2/3)...

SUMMARY Wnt genes are a family of conserved glycoprotein ligands that play role in wide variety cell and developmental processes, from proliferation to axis elongation. There 13 subfamilies found among metazoans. Eleven these appear arthropods with pattern loss during evolution as many six hexapods. Here we report on the branchiopod crustacean, Thamnocephalus platyurus , including first documentation expression complete gene crustacean. Our results suggest fewer were retained than related...

Abstract Background Segmentation in arthropods typically occurs by sequential addition of segments from a posterior growth zone. However, the amount tissue required for and cell behaviors producing elongation are sparsely documented. Results Using precisely staged larvae crustacean, Thamnocephalus platyurus , we systematically examine division patterns morphometric changes associated with during segmentation. We show that normal but cells zone need only divide ~ 1.5 times to meet estimates;...

SYNOPSIS. The crustacean nauplius larva is a development stage characterized by the presence of three pairs head appendages. All crustaceans pass through naupliar whether embryonically or as freeliving larvae. thought to be phylotypic and represent fundamental developmental constraint in crustaceans. However, free-living nauplii are primitive I present evidence that this form functionally plastic, e.g., locomotory modes diverse even closely related species. argue functional plasticity...

Crustacean limbs exhibit highly diverse morphologies. One major route of diversification is in the number and position branches arising from proximal part limb. Here I describe development larvae branchiopod crustacean, Thamnocephalus platyurus detail thoracic limbs. The bear both medially laterally. most on either side (gnathobase pre-epipod) show a similar developmental history: they develop via fusion two rudiments into single adult branch. However, phylogenetic analysis suggests that...

Arthropods exhibit highly diverse limb morphologies ranging from unbranched walking legs to multibranched swimming paddles. Understanding morphogenesis in structurally limbs can be useful for ascertaining homologies between limbs. Structurally similar have been produced by different evolutionary modifications of certain cases. Whereas it is easy support the claim that whole arthropod are homologous structures, I demonstrate not always possible draw well-founded parts This result important...

Yes, that's right. It's a review of yet another book about task-based language teaching (TBLT). What I feel makes this collection studies different, however, is that it contributes to an indispensable body empirical in TBLT, and more specifically, fills the serious void classroom-based TBLT investigations. think also represents effort respond criticism is, first foremost, ESL/EFL project (half chapters cover other than English) which being pushed from English-dominant educational...

SUMMARY Distal‐less ( Dll ) plays a well‐known role in patterning the distal limb arthropods. However, some taxa, its expression even during early development is not always limited to limb. Here, I trace of crustacean Thamnocephalus platyurus from bud later stages development, period that includes differentiation juvenile and adult morphology. During find two distinct types DLL expression: one correlated with proximal leg other restricted setal‐forming cells. Later all Based on particular...