A hypothesized need to form and maintain strong, stable interpersonal relationships is evaluated in light of the empirical literature. The for frequent, nonaversive interactions within an ongoing relational bond. Consistent with belongingness hypothesis, people social attachments readily under most conditions resist dissolution existing bonds. Belongingness appears have multiple strong effects on emotional patterns cognitive processes. Lack linked a variety ill health, adjustment,...

The greater power of bad events over good ones is found in everyday events, major life (e.g., trauma), close relationship outcomes, social network patterns, interpersonal interactions, and learning processes. Bad emotions, parents, feedback have more impact than ones, information processed thoroughly good. self motivated to avoid self-definitions pursue ones. impressions stereotypes are quicker form resistant disconfirmation Various explanations such as diagnosticity salience help explain...

What good is self-control? We incorporated a new measure of individual differences in self-control into two large investigations broad spectrum behaviors. The scale showed internal consistency and retest reliability. Higher scores on correlated with higher grade point average, better adjustment (fewer reports psychopathology, self-esteem), less binge eating alcohol abuse, relationships interpersonal skills, secure attachment, more optimal emotional responses. Tests for curvilinearity failed...

Choice, active response, self-regulation, and other volition may all draw on a common inner resource. In Experiment 1, people who forced themselves to eat radishes instead of tempting chocolates subsequently quit faster unsolvable puzzles than had not exert self-control over eating. 2, making meaningful personal choice perform attitude-relevant behavior caused similar decrement in persistence. 3, suppressing emotion led subsequent drop performance solvable anagrams. 4, an initial task...

Self-esteem has become a household word. Teachers, parents, therapists, and others have focused efforts on boosting self-esteem, the assumption that high self-esteem will cause many positive outcomes benefits-an is critically evaluated in this review. Appraisal of effects complicated by several factors. Because people with exaggerate their successes good traits, we emphasize objective measures outcomes. High also heterogeneous category, encompassing who frankly accept qualities along...

Part 1. Basic Regulatory Processes. C. S. Carver, M. F. Scheier, Self-Regulation of Action and Affect. L. Koole, van Dillen, G. Sheppes, The Emotion. D. Wagner, T. Heatherton, Giving In to Temptation: Emerging Cognitive Neuroscience Self-Regulatory Failure. I. Bauer, R. Baumeister, Strength. W. Mischel, O. Ayduk, Willpower in a Affective Processing System: Dynamics Delay Gratification. A. J. Rothman, Baldwin, Hertel, P. Fuglestad, Behavior Change: Disentangling Behavioral Initiation...

Self-control is a central function of the self and an important key to success in life. The exertion self-control appears depend on limited resource. Just as muscle gets tired from exertion, acts cause short-term impairments (ego depletion) subsequent self-control, even unrelated tasks. Research has supported strength model domains eating, drinking, spending, sexuality, intelligent thought, making choices, interpersonal behavior. Motivational or framing factors can temporarily block...

The major patterns of self-regulatory failure are reviewed. Underregulation occurs because deficient standards, inadequate monitoring, or strength. Misregulation false assumptions misdirected efforts, especially an unwarranted emphasis on emotion. evidence supports a strength (limited resource) model self-regulation and suggests that people often acquiesce in losing control. Loss control attention, transcendence, various lapse-activated causes all contribute to regulatory failure.

Basic Issues: Introduction: Self-Regulation Failure in Social and Theoretical Context. General Patterns Mechanisms of Failure. Controlling Thoughts, Feelings, Actions: Task Performance Failure: Blowing It. Self-Management: Taking Care Yourself. Thoughts Out Control. to Control Emotions Moods. Impulses Appetities: Appetites. Alcohol Consumption Abuse. Eating Too Much. Smoking. A Sampler Other Behavioral Problems: Gambling, Shopping, Aggression. Conclusion: Self Regulation: Propects, Problems,...

It has been widely asserted that low self-esteem causes violence, but laboratory evidence is lacking, and some contrary observations have characterized aggressors as having favorable self-opinions.In 2 studies, both simple narcissism were measured, then individual participants given an opportunity to aggress against someone who had insulted them or praised innocent third person.Self-esteem proved irrelevant aggression.The combination of insult led exceptionally high levels aggression toward...

If self-regulation conforms to an energy or strength model, then self-control should be impaired by prior exertion.In Study 1, trying regulate one's emotional response upsetting movie was followed a decrease in physical stamina.In 2, suppressing forbidden thoughts led subsequent tendency give up quickly on unsolvable anagrams.In 3, efforts control the expression of amusement and enjoyment.In 4, autobiographical accounts successful versus failed linked regulatory demands fatigue...

Psychology calls itself the science of behavior, and American Psychological Association's current "Decade Behavior" was intended to increase awareness appreciation this aspect science. Yet some psychological subdisciplines have never directly studied studies on behavior are dwindling rapidly in other subdisciplines. We discuss eclipse personality social psychology, which direct observation has been increasingly supplanted by introspective self-reports, hypothetical scenarios, questionnaire...

Self-control is a promising concept for consumer research, and self-control failure may be an important cause of impulsive purchasing. Three causes are described. First, conflicting goals standards undermine control, such as when the goal feeling better immediately conflicts with saving money. Second, to keep track (monitor) one's own behavior renders control difficult. Third, depends on resource that operates like strength or energy, depletion this makes less effective. Trait differences in...

Six experiments showed that being excluded or rejected caused decrements in self-regulation. In Experiment 1, participants who were led to anticipate a lonely future life less able make themselves consume healthy but bad-tasting beverage. 2, some told no one else their group wanted work with them, and these later ate more cookies than other participants. 3, quit sooner on frustrating task. Experiments 4-6, exclusion impairment of attention regulation as measured dichotic listening 5 6...

The present work suggests that self-control relies on glucose as a limited energy source. Laboratory tests of (i.e., the Stroop task, thought suppression, emotion regulation, attention control) and social behaviors helping behavior, coping with thoughts death, stifling prejudice during an interracial interaction) showed (a) acts reduced blood levels, (b) low levels after initial task predicted poor performance subsequent (c) impaired tasks, but consuming drink eliminated these impairments....

Why do people's impulse controls break down during emotional distress? Some theories propose that distress impairs one's motivation or ability to exert self-control, and some postulate self-destructive intentions arising from the moods. Contrary those theories, Three experiments found believing bad mood was frozen (unchangeable) eliminated tendency eat fattening snacks (Experiment 1), seek immediate gratification 2), engage in frivolous procrastination 3). The implication is when people are...