The king cobra (Ophiophagus hannah) is widely distributed throughout many parts of Asia. This study aims to investigate the complexity Malaysian Ophiophagus hannah (MOh) venom for a better understanding variation and its envenoming pathophysiology. gland transcriptome was investigated using Illumina HiSeq™ platform, while proteome profiled by 1D-SDS-PAGE-nano-ESI-LCMS/MS. Transcriptomic results reveal high redundancy toxin transcripts (3357.36 FPKM/transcript) despite small cluster numbers,...

Geographical variations of snake venoms can result in suboptimal effectiveness Indian antivenoms that are currently used most South Asian countries. This study investigated the toxicity and neutralization profile venom toxins from Pakistani spectacled cobra, Naja naja , using VINS polyvalent antivenom (VPAV, India), kaouthia monovalent (NKMAV, Thailand), neuro bivalent (NBAV, Taiwan). Cation-exchange reverse-phase high-performance liquid chromatography fractionations followed by toxin...

Abstract The eastern Russell’s viper ( Daboia siamensis ) causes primarily hemotoxic envenomation. Applying shotgun proteomic approach, the present study unveiled protein complexity and geographical variation of D . venoms originated from Guangxi Taiwan. snake two locales shared comparable expression major proteins notwithstanding variability in their toxin proteoforms. More than 90% total venom belong to families Kunitz-type serine protease inhibitor, phospholipase A 2 , C-type...

Snakebite envenomation is a serious medical problem in many tropical developing countries and was considered by WHO as neglected disease. Antivenom (AV), the rational most effective treatment modality, either unaffordable and/or unavailable affected countries. Moreover, each AV specific to only one (monospecific) or few (polyspecific) snake venoms. This demands that country prepare against its local venoms, which often not feasible. Preparation of 'pan-specific' snakes over wide geographical...

Antivenom neutralization against cobra venoms is generally low in potency, presumably due to poor toxin-specific immunoreactivity. This study aimed investigate the effectiveness of two elapid antivenoms neutralize principal toxins purified from Thai monocled (Naja kaouthia, Nk-T) and Malaysian beaked sea snake (Hydrophis schistosus, Hs-M). In mice, N. kaouthia Monovalent (NKMAV) Nk-T long neurotoxin (LNTX) cytotoxin was moderate (potency 2.89–6.44 mg toxin/g antivenom protein) but short...

Abstract Serum Anti Ular Bisa (SABU) is the only snake antivenom produced locally in Indonesia; however, its effectiveness has not been rigorously evaluated. This study aimed to assess protein composition and neutralization efficacy of SABU. SDS polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, size-exclusion liquid chromatography shotgun proteomics revealed that SABU consists F(ab’) 2 but a significant amount dimers, aggregates contaminant albumins. moderately neutralized Calloselasma rhodostoma venom...

Lignosus rhinocerus, the tiger milk mushroom, is one of most important medicinal mushrooms used by indigenous people Southeast Asia and China. It has been to treat breast cancer. A cold water extract (LR-CW) prepared from sclerotia L. rhinocerus cultivar was found exhibit antiproliferative activity against human carcinoma (MCF-7) lung (A549), with IC(50) 96.7 μg/mL 466.7 μg/mL, respectively. In comparison, LR-CW did not show significant cytotoxicity two corresponding normal cells, 184B5...

The monocled cobra (Naja kaouthia) is a medically important venomous snake in Southeast Asia. Its venom has been shown to vary geographically relation composition and neurotoxic activity, indicating vast diversity of the toxin genes within species. To investigate polygenic trait its locale-specific variation, we profiled compared gland transcriptomes N. kaouthia from Malaysia (NK-M) Thailand (NK-T) applying next-generation sequencing (NGS) technology.The were sequenced on Illumina HiSeq...

Abstract Tropidolaemus wagleri (temple pit viper) is a medically important snake in Southeast Asia. It displays distinct sexual dimorphism and prey specificity, however its venomics inter-sex venom variation have not been thoroughly investigated. Applying reverse-phase HPLC, we demonstrated that the profiles were significantly affected by sex geographical locality (Peninsular Malaya, insular Penang, Sumatra) of snakes. Essentially, venoms both sexes share comparable intravenous median lethal...

Trimeresurus nebularis is a montane pit viper that causes bites and envenomation to various communities in the central highland region of Malaysia, particular Cameron's Highlands. To unravel venom composition this species, proteins were digested by trypsin subjected nano-liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) for proteomic profiling. Snake metalloproteinases (SVMP) dominated proteome 48.42% total proteins, with characteristic distribution P-III: P-II classes ratio 2:1,...

Venoms of cobras (Naja spp.) contain high abundances cytotoxins, which contribute to tissue necrosis in cobra envenomation. The tissue-necrotizing activity nevertheless, indicates anticancer potentials. This study set explore the properties venoms and cytotoxins from Naja sumatrana (Equitorial spitting cobra) kaouthia (monocled cobra), two highly venomous species Southeast Asia. cytotoxicity, selectivity cell death mechanisms their (NS-CTX N. sumatrana: NS-CTX; kaouthia: NK-CTX) were...