Abstract Ten carboxymethylindocyanine dyes which from the basis of a new series fluorescent probes have been synthesized and converted into succinimidyl active esters for labeling proteins or other amino‐containing substances. Fluorescence emission maxima members range 575 to 780 nm. Hydrophilic, water‐soluble reagents obtained yield labeled antibodies with little tendency form precipitates. The fluorescence intensities achieved are higher than those produced by cyanine isothiocyanates...

Escherichia coli mutants defective in cheY and cheZ function are motile but generally nonchemotactic; have an extreme counterclockwise bias flagellar rotation, whereas a clockwise rotational bias. Chemotactic pseudorevertants of were isolated on semisolid agar examined for second-site suppressors other chemotaxis-related loci. Approximately 15% the revertants over 95% contained compensatory mutations flaA or flaB locus. When transferred to otherwise wild-type background, most these...

Abstract Lorentz symmetry is a foundational property of modern physics, underlying the standard model particles and general relativity. It anticipated that these two theories are low-energy approximations single theory unified consistent at Planck scale. Many unifying proposals allow to be broken, with observable effects appearing Planck-suppressed levels; thus, precision tests invariance needed assess guide theoretical efforts. Here we use ultrastable oscillator frequency sources perform...

Generally, it is recognized that inocula of Septoria tritici present on the basal leaves winter wheat crops are spread towards top canopy by splashy rainfall. This mechanism inoculum dispersal commonly accepted to be a key limit disease progression. Therefore, attempts forecast epidemics S. often quantify rainfall some means, but largely ignore measurement pathogen and host variables. In study, we show new emerge initially at height below established can contain sporulating lesions ....

Visual estimates of wheat disease severity were compared with actual severities determined using image analysis tracings diseased leaves. Septoria tritici , leaf senescence and Erysiphe graminis studied. Observer widely scattered about the (i.e. they imprecise), differed substantially from even after averaging inacctirate), varied considerably over short time‐scales. Relative bias decreased increasing severity. In a comparison three seed treatments to control powdery mildew on winter barley,...

Batches of two winter wheat cultivars (Riband and Apollo) were inoculated with conidia Mycosphaerella graminicola at weekly intervals over a 2 year period. Following 72 h incubation, plants placed in ambient temperatures ranging between −7 32°C mean batch 2·9–20·2°C. Latent period until the first visible symptoms ranged 11 42 days. The relationship development lesions accumulated thermal time was described using shifted cumulative gamma distribution model. model provided good estimates...

For individual varieties, tolerance of septoria leaf blotch was quantified by the slope relationship between disease and yield. Variation in severity associated yield responses were provided across two sites three seasons field experiments. Slopes fitted residual maximum likelihood for contrasting models: (i) a fixed‐effects model, where no prior assumptions made about form variety slopes; (ii) random‐effects deviations slopes away from mean formed normal random population with unknown...

ABSTRACT Two models for predicting Septoria tritici on winter wheat (cv. Riband) were developed using a program based an iterative search of correlations between disease severity and weather. Data from four consecutive cropping seasons (1993/94 until 1996/97) at nine sites throughout England used. A qualitative model predicted the presence or absence (at 5% threshold within top three leaf layers) temperature (January/February) wind speed to about first node detectable growth stage. For above...

Previous work has shown that the cheC gene product of Escherichia coli plays a key role in regulating direction flagellar rotation during chemotactic responses. An attempt was made to identify other stimulus transduction elements interact with component by examining revertants for functional suppressors. Approximately two-thirds studied appeared be due back mutation or second-site mutations near within structural gene. The remainder carried suppressor mapped at cheZ locus. Half these...

We show that the magnetic component of photon field produced by dark matter axions via two-photon coupling mechanism in a Sikivie haloscope is an important parameter passed over previous analysis and experiments. The interaction photons will be resonantly enhanced as long they couple to electric or mode structure cavity. For typical experiments couplings are equal, this has implicitly been assumed past sensitivity calculations. However, for future planned searches such those at high...

The growth and development of plant pathogens their hosts generally respond strongly to the temperature environment. However, most studies pathology record pathogen/host measurements against physical time (e.g. hours or days) rather than thermal degree‐days degree‐hours). This confounds comparison epidemiological across experiments limits value scientific literature.

The hidden sector photon is a weakly interacting hypothetical particle with sub-eV mass that kinetically mixes the photon. We describe microwave frequency light shining through wall experiment, where cryogenic resonant cavity used to try and detect photons have passed an impenetrable barrier, process only possible via mixing photons. For of $53\text{ }\text{ }\ensuremath{\mu}\mathrm{eV}$, we limit kinetic parameter...

The spread of septoria leaf blotch in wheat caused by Mycosphaerella graminicola is widely reported to depend on the occurrence splashy rainfall. Previous studies have also implicated an important effect canopy architecture risk disease spread. This because affects proximity yield‐forming leaves inoculum present older diseased within crop. study demonstrated that infection final three winter could occur absence For cvs Riband and Longbow, two layers emerged at a position ≈ 8 cm below...

We demonstrate that Michelson-Morley tests, which detect direction-dependent anisotropies in the speed of light, can also be used to place limits upon isotropic deviations vacuum light from $c$, as described by photon-sector standard model extension parameter ${\stackrel{\texttildelow{}}{\ensuremath{\kappa}}}_{\mathrm{tr}}$. A shift is one inertial frame implies anisotropic shifts others. Using observer Lorentz covariance, we derive time-dependent variations relative resonance frequencies a...

The axion is a hypothetical particle considered to be the most economical solution strong CP problem. It can also formulated as compelling component of dark matter. haloscope, leading detection scheme, relies on conversion galactic halo axions into real photons inside resonant cavity structure in presence static magnetic field, where generated photon frequency corresponds mass axion. For maximum sensitivity it key that central mode coincides with photon. As unknown, necessary perform...

Many beyond the standard model theories introduce light paraphotons, a hypothetical spin-1 field that kinetically mixes with photons. Microwave cavity experiments have traditionally searched for paraphotons via transmission of power from an actively driven to passive receiver cavity, two cavities separated by barrier is impenetrable We extend this measurement technique account two-way coupling between and show presence paraphoton can alter resonant frequencies coupled pair. propose...

We determine the sensitivity of a modern Michelson-Morley resonant-cavity experiment to higher-order nonbirefringent and nondispersive coefficients Lorentz-violating Standard-Model Extension. Data from recent year-long run is used place first bounds on these coefficients.

We report on the measurement and characterization of power to frequency conversion in resonant mode a cryogenic sapphire loaded cavity resonator, which is used as discriminating element loop oscillator circuit. Fluctuations incident resonator leads changes radiation pressure temperature dielectric, both contribute shift resonance frequency. measure modulation independent induced sensitivity -0.15 Hz/mW find that this primary factor limiting stability

An electronic sensor, based on a piezoelectric transducer, was tested in the laboratory using simulated raindrops, and natural rainfall. Data were also collected for splash dispersal tracer dyes experiments Long Ashton splashmeter field experiments. Droplets impacting sensor produce sound waves that are detected by an omnidirectional microphone sealed within acoustic chamber. electrical charge, proportional to wave, is produced converted categorical scale then stored provide accumulation of...

Reentrant cavities are microwave resonant devices employed in a number of different areas physics. They appealing due to their simple frequency tuning mechanism, which offers large ranges. are, essence, 3D lumped LC circuits consisting conducting central post embedded cavity. The lowest order reentrant mode (which transforms from the TM010 mode) has been extensively studied past publications. In this work, we show existence higher modes transform TM01n family). We characterize these new...