Critically building upon the work of Herbert Butterfield, John Herz, and Robert Jervis, this article advances a more rigorous definition security dilemma. It demonstrates critical implications rigorously redefined concept. examines several influential extensions expansions original concept, showing that most have been inaccurate misleading, proposes remedies for correcting mistakes. Finally, it identifies areas future research may yield important new insights into dynamics

There are two—and only two—fundamental positions on how to cope with the fear that is derived from uncertainty over others' intentions in international relations (IR) literature. Because these two cannot be deduced other bedrock assumptions within different IR approaches, should taken as an additional assumption. The first position, held by offensive realism, insists states assume worst intentions, thus essentially eliminating about intentions. second a more diverse bunch of non-offensive...

Building on recent scholarship reputation in international politics, this article argues that, because for resolve cannot form conflicts due to anarchy, politicians' persistent belief the value of is merely a cult reputation. After outlining logic and an operational code derived from it, examines pattern influence that has exerted state behavior conflicts. It then explores possible cause cult. Finally, it proposes integrating structural psychological factors may be productive enterprise...

Within contemporary realism literature, neoclassical realism, which seeks to combine both structural and domestic variables explain state behaviors, has been where the action is (Sterling-Folker 1997; Rose 1998; Introduction, this volume). Admitting realism's notion that structure an important factor for shaping behavior, adds a new assumption: impact be relayed behavior via politics, especially leadership/elite's perception.2 Other than core assumption, however, most realists do not agree...

Abstract In this essay I survey the key themes within China's discourse on international order, especially how China views its position and role in shaping existing future order. go to explore possible implications of thinking actions toward conclude that overall, sees no need for hence does not seek fundamental transformation, but rather piecemeal modification fact, has been quite content with order supports globalization, despite occasional rhetoric indicating otherwise. near future, will...

Carl Woese's thesis of cellular evolution emphasized that the last universal common/cellular ancestor (LUCA) must have evolved by drawing from "global inventions". Yet, existing theories regarding origin(s) LUCA mostly centered upon scenarios had independently. In an earlier paper, we advanced a new theory extends original insights. Our centers possibility different vesicles and protocells can merge with acquire each other as form variation, selection, retention, driven wet-and-dry cycles...

When stripped to the bare bone, there are only 11 foundational paradigms in social sciences. These like flashlights that can be utilized shed light on different aspects of human society, but each them a limited area society. Different schools science result from often incomplete combinations these paradigms. To adequately understand society and its history, we need deploy all paradigms, although more may adequate for understanding specific facts.

Summary Bringing together the classic defense of liberty and democracy, political economy hierarchy, endogenous growth theory, new institutional economics on growth, we propose a theory that identifies democracy's unique advantage in prompting economic growth. We contend channel liberty‐to‐innovation is most critical which democracy holds over autocracy promoting especially during stage via innovation. Our thus predicts positive but indirect effect upon liberty‐to‐innovation, conditioned by...

I advance an endogenous explanation for the systemic transformation of international politics and offer to neatly resolve debate between offensive realism defensive through a social evolutionary approach. contend that has always been system it evolved from world world. Consequently, are appropriate grand theories two different historical epochs. Different epochs politics, actually need politics. Because system, non-evolutionary approaches will be intrinsically incapable shedding light on...

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Abstract I critically examine the existing literature on security dilemma in ethnic conflict, thus laying part of foundation for constructing a dynamic and integrative theory conflict. show that many attempts to apply understanding conflict have been based an imprecise often mistaken concept. then emphasise broader spiral model constitute dynamic, versatile powerful strategic interaction captures some general dynamics leading outbreak war. As such, model, when properly understood, can serve...

This article proposes ESA, a new unsupervised approach to word segmentation. ESA is an iterative process consisting of 3 phases: Evaluation, Selection, and Adjustment. In both certainty uncertainty character sequence co-occurrence in corpora are considered as the statistical evidence supporting goodness measurement. Additionally, data sequences with various lengths become comparable each other by using simple called Balancing. local maximum strategy adopted without thresholds, can be...

For years, mainstream international relations (IR) theorists have essentially ignored reconciliation as a special—and perhaps the most difficult—form of cooperation building in politics. This review article seeks to make study more visible field for further inquiry IR, comparative politics, and sociology both theoretical practical reasons. After summarizing important themes emerged from recent literature on reconciliation, author addresses four issues understanding interstate reconciliation:...

Research Article| March 01 2000 Economic Integration in Central Asia: The Russian and Chinese Relationship Shiping Tang Search for other works by this author on: This Site PubMed Google Scholar Asian Survey (2000) 40 (2): 360–376. https://doi.org/10.2307/3021137 Views Icon Article contents Figures & tables Video Audio Supplementary Data Peer Review Share Twitter LinkedIn Tools Get Permissions Cite Citation Tang; Relationship. 1 2000; doi: Download citation file: Ris (Zotero) Reference...

Offence-defence theory (ODT) dominates the understanding of many security and international relations (IR) theorists role in politics that military technology plays. ODT has produced some most cited works realism literature,1 as evident which—implicitly explicitly—rely on to propel their arguments.2 is classified such literature quintessential defensive theory,3 also identified an important demarcation line between offensive realism.4 The impact goes far beyond which it made strategic...