Rubella virus is a leading cause of vaccine-preventable birth defects.Infection during pregnancy can result in miscarriage, fetal death, stillbirth, or constellation defects, including cataracts, deafness, heart and developmental delay, known as congenital rubella syndrome (CRS).A single dose rubella-containing vaccine provide lifelong protection against rubella.The Global Vaccine Action Plan 2011-2020 included target to achieve elimination at least five the six World Health Organization...

OBJECTIVES. The implementation of a routine childhood varicella vaccination program in the United States 1995 has resulted dramatic decline morbidity and mortality. Although disease incidence decreased, outbreaks continue to be reported, increasingly highly vaccinated populations. In 2000, requirement was introduced for kindergarten entry Arkansas. October 2003, large numbers cases were reported school with high coverage. We investigated this outbreak examine transmission patterns...

Rubella virus is a leading cause of vaccine-preventable birth defects and can epidemics. Although rubella infection usually produces mild febrile rash illness in children adults, during pregnancy, especially the first trimester, result miscarriage, fetal death, stillbirth, or an infant born with constellation known as congenital syndrome (CRS). A single dose rubella-containing vaccine (RCV) provide lifelong protection against (1). The Global Vaccine Action Plan 2011-2020 (GVAP) included...

Although traditional virtual patient simulations are designed to teach and assess clinical reasoning skills, few employ conversational dialogue with the patients. The standardized patients (VSPs) described herein represent that students interview using natural language. Students take histories develop differential diagnoses of VSPs as much they would or actual student-VSP interactions recorded, creating a comprehensive record questions order in which were asked, can be analyzed...

To evaluate the economic impact of current 2-dose measles-mumps-rubella (MMR) vaccination program in United States, a decision tree-based analysis was conducted with population-based coverage and disease incidence data. All costs were estimated for hypothetical US birth cohort 3803295 infants born 2001. The MMR cost-saving from both direct cost societal perspectives compared absence vaccination, net savings (net present value) dollars 3.5 billion 7.6 billion, respectively. benefit-cost...

In 2010, all 53 countries* in the World Health Organization (WHO) European Region (EUR) reconfirmed their commitment to eliminating measles and rubella congenital syndrome (1); this goal was included as a priority Vaccine Action Plan 2015-2020 (2). The WHO-recommended elimination strategies EUR include 1) achieving maintaining ≥95% coverage with 2 doses of measles-containing vaccine (MCV) through routine immunization services; 2) providing vaccination opportunities, including supplementary...

In 1969, the United States established its national rubella vaccination program. With success of program, 32 years later, reports reached record low numbers. To assess achievement elimination and congenital syndrome (CRS) in States, 7 epidemiological criteria were used. Rubella cases reported to National Notifiable Diseases Surveillance System from 1998 through 2004 CRS Congenital Syndrome Registry analyzed. During 1998-2000, median number was 272, whereas, during 2001-2004, 13. The...

Abstract Transforming research findings into policy recommendations requires evaluative criteria beyond traditional academic review. Policy development involves entire literatures, and for examining adequacy of the underlying as a base are needed. At level studies many obvious: high quality studies, well reported replicable, consensus on their validity, ecological validity application. literature distribution important variables in is important. We discuss present Study Space concept...

Introduction: Practicing a medical history using standardized patients is an essential component of school curricula. Recent advances in technology now allow for newer approaches practicing and assessing communication skills. We describe herein virtual patient (VSP) system that allows students to practice their taking skills receive immediate feedback.Methods: Our VSPs consist artificially intelligent, emotionally responsive 3D characters which communicate with natural language. The...

As police agencies continue to incorporate body-worn cameras, it becomes increasingly important for researchers and practitioners explore how best use these data better understand patterns of suspect behavior. Thus, drawing on a joint project between the Federal Law Enforcement Training Centers Arizona State University, we expand prior research demonstrating social systematic observation (SSO) can be used with video footage methodically detail evolving nature police-suspect encounters. We...

Abstract Research Summary This study investigated the impact of patrol officer communication tactics on suspect compliance by using Systematic Social Observation (SSO) to code 438 body‐worn camera and dashcam video recordings from two police agencies. Specifically, we examined tenor/demeanor, use noncoercive directives, verbal coercion, accusations, while controlling for a host situational factors. Results showed that when officers presented positive tenor/demeanor or employed tactics,...

In cases where officers communicated with a positive tenor (e.g., demeanor), suspects were compliant 99.3% of the time. Similarly, use noncoercive verbal communication and directives asking, suggesting, persuading) also shown to significantly increase suspect compliance. However, accusing wrongdoing using other coercive language, such as threats commands, did not impact These results highlight need for police training programs prioritize skills that minimize force when possible. Focusing on...

Young adults provide sexual services, acts, or materials for pay financial compensation (SSAMP), which include in-person (e.g., contact), virtual videos), and material underwear) forms. Whether how university students SSAMP in the United States is not well understood primarily because of a lack survey-based research using methodologically rigorous measures contexts. Therefore, we sought to understand characteristics conditions under undergraduate graduate SSAMP. We conducted cross-sectional...

Abstract Background Case fatality ratio (CFR) among all age groups during the 2016–2018 measles outbreak in Romania was increased compared with previous outbreaks. To identify risk factors for death, we conducted a case-control study infants and children hospitalized measles. Methods National surveillance data were used to cases of laboratory-confirmed or epidemiologically linked aged < 59 months rash onset from January 2016 July 2018. We abstracted medical records 50 fatal (“cases”) 250...

Although researchers have generated many studies related to police use of force, with an increasing focus on de-escalation, none sought systematically assess escalation, factors, and the extent which force usage may be considered appropriate from objectively reasonable framework. Using video-based data (N = 540) two agencies (Dallas Smith County, TX) this study employs a Systematic Social Observation (SSO) methodology incorporates modified analytical tool (i.e., Resistance Force Comparative...

In 2005, the Regional Committee of World Health Organization (WHO) European Region (EUR) passed a resolution calling for regional elimination measles, rubella, and congenital rubella syndrome (CRS) (1). 2010, all 53 countries in EUR* reaffirmed their commitment to eliminating CRS (2); this goal was included Vaccine Action Plan 2015-2020 (3,4). Rubella, which typically manifests as mild febrile rash illness, is leading vaccine-preventable cause birth defects. Rubella infection during...

Quantitative studies in the United States that identify involvement sex trades predominantly use a single item to address complex, stigmatized phenomenon. This typically does not differentiate between in-person or virtual forms, nor it assess associated compensation types, circumstances, and perceived consequences. University students' is also critically understudied. Therefore, we sought adapt, develop, refine multiitem measure from perspectives of undergraduate graduate students who were...

Abstract We estimated the economic impact of concurrent measles and rubella outbreaks in Romania during 2011–2012. collected costs from surveys 428 case-patients caretakers, government records, health staff interviews. then financial opportunity costs. During study period, 12,427 cases 24,627 were recorded; 27 infants had congenital syndrome (CRS). The cost was US $9.9 million. Cost per case $439 for measles, $132 rubella, $44,051 CRS. Up to 36% households needed borrow money pay illness...

Exchanging sex for financial compensation is thought to be underreported primarily because extant studies (1) use a single item capture complex, stigmatized phenomenon, and (2) do not the complex types or reasons why people engage in trades. Few survey have explored trades among university students. This study evaluated psychometric properties of newly developed measure, Sexual Services Acts Materials Pay (SSAMP), Surveys were administered undergraduate (N = 544, time 1; N 362, 2) graduate...

Objective. The purpose of this study was to assess the validity self-reported history for varicella disease relative serological evidence immunity in pregnant women attending antenatal care at clinics located two diverse geographical locations U.S. (Antelope Valley, California, and Philadelphia) with high vaccination coverage. Methods. Pregnant prenatal appointments who needed blood drawn as part their routine were eligible participate. Self-reported obtained via questionnaire. Varicella...

The World Health Organization European Region has a goal for rubella elimination and congenital syndrome (CRS) prevention. Although all Member States recommend rubella-containing vaccine in their national immunization programs, CRS continue to occur, surveillance quality varies throughout the region.To describe status of regional assess progress toward elimination, we reviewed practices by surveying 53 analyzed data during 2005-2009.Overall, 41 (91%) 45 responding have nationwide...

For medical students, virtual patient dialogue systems can provide useful training opportunities without the cost of employing actors to portray standardized patients. This work utilizes word- and character-based convolutional neural networks (CNNs) for question identification in a system, outperforming strong logistic regression baseline. While CNNs perform well given sufficient data, best system performance is ultimately achieved by combining with hand-crafted pattern matching that robust...